nineteenth century A.D. before it regained its full freedom.
42 “the kindest possible treatment” Dio Sic 32 4 4–5.
Appian, here admirably well informed, and Plutarch’s lives of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus are the chief sources.
1 “always had Greeks and literary men” Plut G Grac 19 2.
2 simplex munditiis Hor Car 1 5 5. “Casually chic” comes from James Michie’s translation. 346 Once, she was entertaining Val Max 4 4 praef.
3 Cornelia was his reward. The story of Cornelia’s marriage to Gracchus has echoes of her son’s and may be unreliable.
4 a curious anecdote Plut Tib Grac 1 2–3.
5 “Keep up the good work” Cit. Balsdon, Life and Leisure, p. 119 (Porphyrio and Ps) Acron on Hor Sat 1 2 31f.
6 Cornelia’s granddaughter See Balsdon, Roman Women, p. 48.
7 She had greater skill in lyre-playing Sall Cat 25 1–5.
8 “gentle and sedate” Plut Tib Grac 2 2.
9 still known as Scipio Aemilianus’s mother-in-law Ibid., 8 5.
10 a faint echo of the Caudine Forks It may be that the Caudine Forks story was rewritten in the light of this latest debacle.
11 “a constant source of grief” Cic Har 43.
12 “Wild beasts” Plut Tib Grac 9 4.
13 pay him from his own resources Ibid., 10 5.
14 “Do not throw into chaos” App Civ 1 12.
15 the assembly-place I assume that this was in front of the Temple of Jupiter. See Richardson fig. 19, p. 69.
16 “Be quiet, please, citizens” CAH 9, p. 60.
17 “Since the Consul betrays the state” Plut Tib Grac 19 3.
18 “I will give you a single example” Aul Gell 10 3 5.
19 “I am the only man in the army” Plut G Grac 2 5.
20 “However much you try to defer your destiny” Cic Div 1 26 56.
21 “Apart from those who killed Tiberius” Corn Nep Fragment. Scholarly opinion inclines toward the genuineness of the fragmentary letters.
22 Cornelia made representations Plut G Grac 4 1–2.
23 “closely attended by a throng” Ibid., 6 4.
24 I suppose you imagine CAH 9, p. 83.
25 a visit to Carthage This is a little odd, for tribunes were not meant to cross the city boundary. Perhaps Gaius received some kind of special dispensation.
26 helped him recruit bodyguards Plut G Grac 13 2.
27 Gaius’s head was cut off Ibid., 17 4.
28 The Senate reacted to the brothers rather like a general I am indebted for this admirable simile to Andrew Lintott, CAH 9, p. 85.
29 No sword was ever brought into the assembly App Civ 1 2.
30 “She had many friends” Plut G Grac 19 2.
Plutarch’s lives of Marius and Sulla are important sources (also, to a lesser extent, those of Caesar, Cicero, and Pompey). Sallust is essential for the Jurgurthan War. Appian, assisted by Cassius Dio, carries along much of the main narrative. Keppie is valuable on military matters.
1 He may have been a blacksmith Aur Vic Caes 33. A late source, so we cannot be certain of the claim.
2 These proud men make a very big mistake Sall Hist 85 29–40. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, whom we know as Sallust, will have written up this speech; but if these are not Marius’s words, they well represent his embittered feelings.
3 “It very well expresses the harshness” Plut Mar 2 1.
4 “I can see that the cure” Ibid., 6 3.
5 Sulla loved literature and the arts This account of Sulla’s personal life, including the verse, is taken from Plut Sul 2.
6 Then there were the optimates This Latin word is found only in the plural; when using the singular, I adopt an Anglicized version of the word: optimate.
7 served in Spain under Scipio Sall 7–8.
8 “So you are going to abandon us” Plut Mar 8 3.
9 “God, this Roman bath” Ibid., 12 3.
10 Marius’s mules Plut Mar 13 1.
11 this took six days Ibid., 25 1.
12 “insofar as it was a law” Ibid., 29 4.
13 “He lacked the abilities others had” Plut Mar 32 1.
14 “No,” replied Drusus. “Build it” Plut Mor 800f.
15 The allies laid secret plans for an uprising The ensuing war is known as the Social War (from socius, the Latin for “ally”).
16 the devastation of the countryside Florus 2 6 11.
17 He rode off on a hunting trip This Robin Hood–like tale may be a legend.
18 “Either be greater than the Romans” Plut Mar 31.
19 “Sulpicius of all the orators” Cic Brut 203.
20 “The murders and civil disturbances” App Civ 1 55.
21 He imagined that he was the commander-in-chief Plut Mar 45 6.
22 According to Appian, ninety senators died Ibid., 1 103. Elsewhere, Appian gives the number as forty (App Civ 1 95).
23 He still kept company with women Plut Sul 36 1.
24 “This lad will stop anyone else” App Civ 1 104.
25 the most splendid of triumphs The details are largely drawn from App Mith 1 116–17, Plut Pom 45 and Plin Nat Hist 33 151 and 37 13–14.
26 Ships with brazen beaks captured App Mith 1 117.
Cicero’s letters and his Republic and the Academics are the main sources.
1 We were wandering Cic Acad 1 3 9.
2 “Like the learned men of old” Cic Fam 177 (9 2).
