Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, From Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning

sweeteners in their soft drinks instead of sugar. Archer Daniels Midland makes a lot of corn sweetener, which is why it gives a lot of money to politicians who support sugar subsidies.

46. Obviously, much of this is marketing. Starbucks customers, according to a survey by Zogby International, are more likely to be liberal (and female) by a margin of roughly two to one (Republicans and men prefer Dunkin' Donuts). But one shouldn't overlook the point that if 'liberals' prefer Starbucks, it is in Starbucks' interest that more people become liberal, which is why it spends so much money on what amounts to public education. Zogby Consumer Profile Finding, 'Starbucks Brews Up Trouble for Dunkin' Donuts: Seattle Chain's Coffee Preferred by 34% to 30%; 'Starbucks Divide' Evident in Age, Politics of Coffee's Drinkers,' August 8, 2005, http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1016 (accessed June 26, 2007).

47. Conversation with Ronald Bailey, science correspondent, Reason magazine.

48. Ned Sullivan and Rich Schiafo, 'Talking Green, Acting Dirty,' New York Times, June 12, 2005, p. 23; 'The Profiteer: Jeff Immelt,' Rolling Stone, www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8742315/the_profiteer/ (accessed March 18, 2007).

49. See www.ceousa.org/pdfs/eeoctestimony5=06.pdf (accessed May 8, 2007).

9. BRAVE NEW VILLAGE: HILLARY CLINTON AND THE MEANING OF LIBERAL FASCISM

1. Interview on Fresh Air, National Public Radio, Oct. 18, 2005.

2. Kenneth L. Woodward, 'Soulful Matters,' Newsweek, Oct. 31, 1994, p. 22.

3. Ibid. Jones has stayed involved in her life. During the Lewinsky scandal he reacquainted Clinton with a sermon of Tillich's — 'Faith in Action' — and served as a spiritual adviser during her 2000 Senate campaign.

4. I can find no reference to Oglesby being a theologian of any kind. The title of his article, according to Newsweek, was 'Change or Containment.' But it was actually 'World Revolution and American Containment' and came from the SDS pamphlet by the same name. Oglesby co-wrote a book with an expert in liberation theology, Richard Shaull, called Containment and Change, which may be a source of the confusion. Clinton told Newsweek, 'It was the first thing I had ever read that challenged the Vietnam War.' This seems unlikely since even if she'd been reading motive and nothing else, Oglesby's article was hardly the first anti-Vietnam piece to appear in that magazine (it became known for advising young people on how to escape to Sweden to avoid the draft). In time Oglesby became something of a New Left libertarian, believing that the New Left and the Old Right were kindred spirits — or at least should be.

5. 'I can no more condemn the Andean tribesmen who assassinate tax collectors than I can condemn the rioters in Watts or Harlem or the Deacons for Defense and Justice. Their violence is reactive and provoked, and it remains culturally beyond guilt at the very same moment that its victims' personal innocence is most appallingly present in our imaginations.' It was Oglesby's idea for the SDS to send 'Brigades' to Cuba in solidarity with the regime. David Brock, The Seduction of Hillary Rodham (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 18.

6. Woodward, 'Soulful Matters,' p. 22.

7. Hillary D. Rodham, 1969 Student Commencement Speech, Wellesley College, May 31, 1969, www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html (accessed March 19, 2007).

8. These last comments came from a poem written by a fellow student:

My entrance into the world of so-called 'social problems'

Must be with quiet laughter, or not at all.

The hollow men of anger and bitterness

The bountiful ladies of righteous degradation

All must be left to a bygone age.

And the purpose of history is to provide a receptacle

For all those myths and oddments

Which oddly we have acquired

And from which we would become unburdened

To create a newer world

To transform the future into the present.

See www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169 hillary.html.

9. P. David Finks, 'Organization Man,' Chicago Tribune Magazine, May 26, 1985, p. 21.

10. 'Strength Through Misery,' Time, March 18, 1966.

11. Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage, 1972), p. xxi.

12. Ibid., pp. 4, 21, 13.

13. A precocious legal theorist, Reich became a professor at Yale Law School at the impressive age of thirty- two, where he taught Hillary and Bill Clinton, among others, constitutional law. Approaching his fortieth birthday, he accepted a student's invitation to spend a summer at Berkeley in 1967, which just happened to be the Summer of Love. He returned to Yale a long-haired, bell-bottom-wearing guru who wouldn't be caught dead without a string of beads around his neck. He gave up all the tradition-directed dogmas, including academic rigor. The students called one of his courses Kindergarten II because you could read or do anything you wanted. His 1970 book, The Greening of America, was not an environmental work, as the title might imply, but a quasi-religious tract on the need for American society to evolve to 'Level III consciousness.' Greening considered political change to be the end stage of the Level III consciousness 'revolution.' Change had to occur within the culture before politics could change, and within the individual before the culture could. For Reich himself, individual transformation required dropping out of the Yale faculty and wandering around as a self-described 'Sorcerer' in search of meaning and authenticity amid the sketchier backwaters of the California counterculture. Much of the New Left followed in his footsteps.

14. It continued: 'Now a new frontier must be found to foster further experimentation, an environment relatively unpolluted by conventional patterns of social and political organization. Experimentation with drugs, sex, individual lifestyles or radical rhetoric and action within the larger society is an insufficient alternative. Total experimentation is necessary. New ideas and values must be taken out of heads and transformed into reality.' Daniel Wattenberg, 'The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock,' American Spectator 25, no. 8 (Aug. 1992).

15. Treuhaft's wife, Jessica Mitford, was a muckraking communist journalist most famous for writing The American Way of Death, an expose of the American funeral industry. Born to an aristocratic British family, she was a classic girl of privilege who fell in with rebellious radicalism. Several of her sisters were equally radical. Unity Mitford was a famous friend of Hitler's, and Diana Mitford married Oswald Mosley, the founder of the British Union of Fascists. Unity Mitford had to leave the country, incensed that Britain would fight such a progressive leader as Hitler. Diana and Oswald were jailed for the duration of the war. Oswald, of course, always considered himself a man of the left: 'I am not, and never have been, a man of the right,' Mosley proclaimed in 1968. 'My position was on the Left and is now in the centre of politics.' Jessica Mitford, meanwhile, remained committed to Stalinism her entire life. When Hungarian freedom fighters were mowed down by Soviet tanks, she argued that the 'fascist traitors' got what they deserved.