Rome

ALSO BY ROBERT HUGHES

The Art of Australia

(1966)

Heaven and Hell in Western Art

(1969)

The Shock of the New

(1980)

The Fatal Shore

(1987)

Lucian Freud

(1988)

Frank Auerbach

(1990)

Nothing If Not Critical

(1990)

Barcelona

(1992)

The Culture of Complaint

(1993)

American Visions

(1997)

Goya

(2003)

Things I Didn’t Know

(2006)

THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK

PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF

Copyright © 2011 by Robert Hughes

All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

www.aaknopf.com

Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

English translation of Giuseppi Belli’s “L’illuminazione de la cuppola” courtesy of Anthony Merlino.

eISBN: 978-0-307-70058-2

Front-of-jacket image: Roman face, marble, first century B.C.E. Marafona/Shutterstock

Jacket design by Chip Kidd

v3.1

For Doris, with love, again

Contents

Cover

Other Books by This Author

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Prologue

1

Foundation

2

Augustus

3

Later Empire

4

Pagans Versus Christians

5

Medieval Rome and Avignon

6

Renaissance

7

Rome in the Seventeenth Century