publisher.
PHOTO CREDITS
Courtesy Robert Serber: 1.
USAF: 2–3, 32.
From A. P. Grinberg and V. Ya. Frenkel,
Courtesy David Holloway: 7.
ITAR-TASS/Sovfoto © Fotokhronika TASS: 9.
Sovfoto: 14.
LANL: 15, 25–26, 34, 36, 55, 60, 65, 69, 70–73, 86.
UPI/Bettmann: 17, 46, 61, 77, 88–89.
AP/Wide World: 20–21, 56–57, 79, 84–85, 87.
FBI: 27.
National Archives: 29, 31.
Imperial War Museum, London: 30.
Yoshito Matsushige: 33.
Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen: 35.
RIA-Novosti/Sovfoto: 37, 92.
Courtesy Lev Altshuler: 40, 42–45.
Courtesy Yuri Smirnov: 50.
Courtesy Frank Shelton: 54, 59, 78, 82.
Courtesy John Marshall: 58.
Courtesy Franchise Ulam: 63, 66.
Courtesy Jacob Wechsler: 67–68.
Chuck Hansen Collection: 74, 81, 90.
Peter Miller/The Image Bank: 76.
Ralph Morse,
Reuters/Bettmann: 91.
© The Harold E. Edgerton 1992 Trust, courtesy of Palm Press, Inc.: 93.
Ginger Rhodes: 94.
Примечания
1
The US military air arm was called the Army Air Corps until June 1941, when its name was changed to the Army Air Forces (USAAF). In July 1947 the air arm separated from the Army; as an independent service it was and is designated the United States Air Force (USAF).
2
St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd by Czar Nicholas in 1914 and Leningrad by the new Soviet government in 1924.
3
An atomic bomb and a nuclear reactor exploit different circumstances using significantly different arrangements: a bomb creates a chain reaction using fast neutrons, a nuclear reactor using slow neutrons.
4
“Altogether, between July and November 1941 no fewer than 1,523 industrial enterprises, including 1,360 large war plants, had been moved to the east — 226 to the Volga area, 667 to the Urals, 244 to Western Siberia, 78 to Eastern Siberia, 308 to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The 'evacuation cargoes' amounted to a total of one and a half million railway wagon-loads.” Werth (1964), p. 216.
5
Critical mass for a bare U235 sphere, 56 kg; for a U235 sphere surrounded by a thick uranium tamper, 15 kg. King (1979), p. 7.
6
In the eighteenth century, Peter the Great had made shaving compulsory as part of his program to Europeanize his subjects. — RR
7
“Pile” was Fermi's coinage; that much at least had leaked through (previously the Soviets had called a nuclear reactor a “boiler”). — RR
8
Radiochemists had coined these preliminary names for 93 and 94 in the 1930s because the anticipated new transuranic elements were assumed (incorrectly, as it turned out) to resemble the metals — rhenium, osmium and so on — that fell directly above their anticipated positions on the periodic table of the elements; “eka” means “beyond.” — RR
