muscle that are loosely organized into three layers. Adventitia covers the bladder except on its superior part, where serosa is present. Male urethra serves as an excretory duct for both urine and semen. It is approximately 20 cm in length and has three anatom ic divisions. The prostatic portion is lined by transitional epithelium similar to that of the bladder. The prostatic urethra is surrounded by the fibromuscular tissue of the prostate, which normally keeps the urethral lumen closed. In the membranous and penile portions, the epithelium is pseudostratified up to the glans. At this point, it becomes stratified squamous and is continuous with the epidermis of the external part of the penis. The membranous urethra is encircled by a sphincter of skeletal muscle fibers from the deep transverse perineal muscle of the urogenital diaphragm, which also keeps the urethral lumen closed. The wall of the penile urethra contains little muscle but is surrounded and supported by the cylindrical erectile mass of corpus spongiosum tissue. Female urethra is considerably shorter than that of the male urethra It serves as the terminal urinary passage, conducting urine from the bladder to the vestibule of the vulva. The epithelium begins at the bladder as a transitional variety and becomes stratified squamous with small areas of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The muscularis is rather indefinite but does contain both circu lar and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. A urethral sphincter is formed by skeletal muscle as the female urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
New words
retroperitoneal organs – ретроперитонеальные органы
to remove – передвигать
urea – мочевина
to regulate – регулировать
the chemical composition – химический состав
extracellular – внеклеточный
stroma – строма
parenchyma – паренхима
fibrous capsule – волокнистая капсула
delicate – тонкий
interstitial – промежуточный
connective tissue – соединительная ткань
fibroblasts – фибробласты
wandering cells – блуждающие клетки
collagen fibrils – волоконца коллагена
hydrated – гидратированный
extracellular – внеклеточный
matrix – матрица
cortex – кора
medially – в середине
entrance – вход
the point of entrance – точка входа
exit – выход
renal artery – почечная артерия
renal veins – почечные вены
expanded upper – расширенный верхний
minor calyces – незначительные чашечки
to supply – снабжать
arcuate arteries – дугообразные артерии
to subdivide – подразделять
numerous – многочисленный
interlobul – междолевой
to ascend – поднимать
perpendicularly – перпендикулярно
arcuate arteries – дугообразные артерии
Сравните употребление всех изученных времен, соответствующих прошедшему времени в русском языке.
1. I just (to see) Jack.
2. She (to wash) the dishes from five till six.
3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture.
4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friend.
5. The TV programme (to be gin) before I (to come) home.
6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer.
7. I understood that she (not to read) my letter.
8. She (to do) the rooms when I (to come) home.
9. It's all right: she (to find) the way out of the situation.
10. He (to come) home late yesterday.
11. She is very glad: she (to finish) her composition at last.
12. He (to trans late) the whole text by eleven o'clock.
13. I never (to be) to Rome.
14. Last year we (to work) very much
15. When I (to have) breakfast, I went to school.
16. I (not to see) you for ages! I am very glad to see you.
17. When you (to see) the «Swan lake»?
18. My sister already (to graduate) from the institute.
19. He repaired the toy which his brother (to break) the day before.
20. I (to see) an interesting TV programme this week.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.
1. Only when she was going to bed, she remembered that she (to forget) to ring up her friend.
2. We already (to study) seven English tenses.
3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland two years ago.
4. I (to buy) a lovely fashionable dress. Now I shall look smart at the party.
5. He (to learn) Eng lish before he (to go) to the USA
6. When she (to spend) all her money, she (to go) home.
7. I (to I speak) to my friend yesterday.
8. Look! Kate (to I wash) all the dishes.
9. Your mother (to return) I from work? Can I speak to her?
10. She (to do) her flat the whole day on Saturday.
11. The cat (to drink) all the milk which I (to give) it.
12. You I ever (to be) to Piccadilly Circus?
13. He (not to read) Turgenev since he was a pupil.
14. They (to reach) the river by sunset.
15. I (not yet to re ceive) an answer to my letter.
16. She is very happy: her son (to finish) school.
17. My brother (to train) at the stadium from six till eight yesterday.
18. My sister (to buy) a pair of nice model shoes this month.
19. I (not to dance) for ages.
20. When Nick (to come) from school, his friends (to play) in the yard.
Answer the questions.
1. What organs are the kidneys?
2. What the kidneys remove?
3. What do the kidneys regulate?
