Anglo-Saxon England, 1936, pp. 158–9.
2. The story of Volsi in Flateyjarbok (11, 331) where a housewife’s ‘god’ is the generative organ of a horse, fits in with this general picture. See F. Strom, Diser, Nornor, Valkyrjor, 1954, pp. 22 ff.
1. N. K. Chadwick, ‘?orger?r Holgabru?r and the Trolla ?ing’, in Early Cultures of North-Western Europe (H. M. Chadwick Memorial Studies), 1950, pp. 397 ff.
1. Patterns in Comparative Religion, London, 1958, p. 359.
1. Arkiv fur Nordisk Filologi, 49, 1933, pp. 97 ff.
1. H. Schneider, Germanische Heldensage, Berlin, 1928, vol. 1, p. 369.
2. R. W. Chambers, Widsith, Cambridge, 1912, p. 95.
3. For this giant family, see ‘Weland the Smith’, Folklore, 69, 1958, pp. 145 ff.
1. Another interpretation is ‘law-district of Njord’. See J. de Vries, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 11, p. 470, for discussion of this.
1. H. R. Ellis, The Road to Hel, Cambridge, 1943, pp. 16 ff. See also C. Green, Sutton Hoo, London, 1963, p. 99.
2. R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford, ‘The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial’, Proc. Suffolk Inst. of Archaeology (Ipswich), 25, 1949, PP. 1 ff.; also Green, op. cit.
1. J. Bronsted, The Vikings, Penguin Books, 1964, pp. 139 ff.
2. Viking Club Saga Book IV, 1906, pp. 326 ff.
3. R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford, Proc. Suffolk Inst. of Archaeology, 26, 1955, pp. 1 ff.
4. I am grateful for information about this excavation received from Mr Charles Green before the publication of his book cited above. For the Caister ship-graves see Green, op. cit., p. 57.
1. Ynglinga Saga, 23, and Skjoldunga Saga, 27.
1. A. Houdris-Crone, The Temple of Nehalennia at Domburg, 1955.
1. M. Eliade, Le Chamanisme et les techniques archiques de l’extase, Paris, 1951, pp. 407–8.
2. The Muria and their Ghotul, Oxford, 1947, pp. 149–50.
1. Odin is shown hanging from the tree on an early Swedish carved stone along with scenes that seem to belong to the story of the gaining of the mead.
1. A figure consisting of three legs radiating from a common centre. The valknut is formed of three triangles linked together.
1. J. S. Ryan, ‘Othin in England’, Folklore, 74, 1963, pp. 472 ff.
1. ‘Oseberggraven Haugbrottet’, Viking, 1945, pp. 1 ff.
1. Flateyjarbok, ?attr ?orleifs jarlaskalds, 1, 174.
2. H. R. Ellis, The Road to Hel, Cambridge, 1943, pp. 105 ff.
1. H. R. Ellis, op. cit., pp. 87 ff.
1. Antiquaries’ Journal, 4, 1924, pp. 113 ff.
2. Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archaeological Society Trans., 1, pp. 156 ff.
3. F. W. Bull, Recent Discoveries of Anglo-Saxon Remains, Kettering, 1904.
1. E. Salin, Le Haut Moyen Age en Lorraine, 1939, pp. 87 ff.
1. H. R. Ellis Davidson, ‘The Hill of the Dragon’, Folklore, 61, 1950, pp. 180 ff.
1. Gerd also refers to her brother’s slayer in Skirnismal, 16, and it has been suggested that she and Idun are connected in some way.
1. Several buckets of apples were found on the Oseberg ship, in a burial which appears to have associations with the Vanir (see pp. 95, 137).
1. G. Dumezil, Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus, Paris, 1941, pp. 159 ff.
1. Also with birds of various kinds, on the strength of the adjectives applied to him.
1. B. F. von Richthofen, Rechtsquellen, p. 439.
1. B. Pering, Heimdall, Lund, 1941.
2. In Etudes germaniques, 1955, pp. 266 ff.
3. H. Pipping, ‘Eddastudier’, Studier i Nordisk Filologi, 16, 1925, pp. 23 ff.
1. N. K. Chadwick, ‘Pictish and Celtic Marriage…’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 7, 1953, pp. 85 ff.
1. Dumezil’s work on Loki (Loki, 1959, and Les Dieux des Germains, 1959), provides arguments against this.
1. A. Olrik, Ragnarok: die Sagen vom Weltuntergang, Berlin, 1922.
2. ‘The Problem of Loki’, F.F. Communications. Helsingfors, 110, 1933, pp. 19 ff.
1. Viking Club Saga Book, 111 (1), London, 1902, p. 53.
2. H. R. Ellis Davidson, ‘Folklore and Man’s Past’ (paper given to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Aberdeen, 1963), Folklore, 74, 1963, pp. 534–6.
1. P. Radin, The Trickster: a Study in American Indian Mythology, 1956.
1. J. Brondsted, The Vikings, Penguin Books, 1964, p. 277.
1. Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, 111, 70–81.
1. Jan de Vries, ‘Deh Mythos von Balderstod’, Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi, 70, 1955, pp. 41 ff.
1. A. B. Cook, ‘The European Sky-God’, Folklore, 17, 1906, pp. 172 ff.
2. For early beliefs in the milk-yielding tree, see G. R. Levy, The Gate of Horn, London, 1948, pp. 120 ff.
1. The suggested meaning, ‘hill or rock with an opening’ (Turville-Petre, Myth and Religion of the North, 1964, p. 64), suggests rather the Cosmic Mountain at the centre where the gods dwell (Eliade, Images and Symbols, 1961, pp. 42 ff.). This, of course, is closely linked with the World Tree.
1. Jan de Vries, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1957, 11, p. 380.
1. Jan de Vries, ‘La Valeur religieuse du mot germanique irmin,’ Cahiers du Sud, 314, 1952, pp. 18 ff.
1. ‘Ginnungagap’, Acta Philologica Scandinavica, 5, 1930–4, pp. 41 ff.
1. J. de Vries, Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch, Leiden, 1961, vistra.
1. Tacitus, Annals, XIII, 57.
1. M. Haavio, ‘Vainamoinen, Eternal Sage’, F.F. Communications (Helsinki), 144, 1952, pp. 145 ff.
1. The Myth of the Eternal Return, trans. Trask, 1955.
2. Ragnarok: die Sagen vom Weltuntergang, Berlin, 1922.
1. R. C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, 1961, p. 135.
2. Geography, IV, 4.
1. Brate and Wessen, Sodermanlands Runinskrifter, p. 117.
1. R. Reitzenstein, Die nordischen, persischen und christlichen verstellungen vom Weltuntergang, 1926.
2. See K. Berg, ‘The Gosforth Cross’, Journal of the Warburg and Court-auld Institutes, 21, 1958, pp. 27 ff., where excellent illustrations are given.
1. ‘Surt’, Arkiv fur Nordisk Filologi, 21, 1905, pp. 14 ff.
1. The unknown composer of the poem known as The Seafarer.
