communication, Scott Kerlin, September 7, 2002.
says social scientist Scott Kerlin Kerlin is currently a counselor in private practice in Kingston, Ontario. From 1998 to 2000 he was a lecturing professor in social sciences and human development at Washington State University.
I’ve gotten advance looks at the CDCmatenaL Author’s personal communication, Scott Kerlin, September 12, 2002.
DES exposure causes imbalances in fetal hormone levels and impairment of normal functioning in hormone receptors See Robert Bigsby, Robert E. Chapin, George P. Dayston, et al., “Evaluating the Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Endocrine Function during Development,” Environmental Health Perspectives 107, supp. 4 (August 1999): 613-18. See also John Travis, “Modus Operandi of an Infamous Drug: Mutant Mice Provide Clues to How DES Wreaked Havoc in the Womb,” Science News, February 20, 1999, retrieved from http://wwwsciencenews.org_sn_arc99/ 2_99/bob2.htm, April 12, 2003.
Hypospadias … and urethralmeatalstenosis … have also been noted in DES sons N. M. Kaplan, “Male Pseudohermaphroditism,” New England Journal of Medicine 261 (1959): 641-44; D. Hoefnagel, “Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Male Hypogonadism,” The Lancet 7951 (January 17, 1976):
152-53-
For a recent study on increased risk of hypospadia in DES grandsons (sons of DES daughters), see H. Klip, J. Verloop, J. D. van Cool, M. E. Koster, C. W. Burger, and F. E. van Leeuwen, “Hypospadias in Sons of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero: A Cohort Study.” The Lancet 359 (2002): 1102-7. See also H. Klop, J. Verloop, J. D. van Gool, M. E. Koster, C. W. Burger, and F. E. Leeuwen, “Increased Risk of Hypospadias in Male Offspring of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero.” Paediamc and Pennatal Epidemiology 15, no. 4 (2001): A19. 254 The DES Sons Online Network was also formed to expand awareness Scott Kerlin and Dana Beyer, M.D, unpublished paper, Scott Kerlin personal communication with the author.
About 50 percent of our two hundred people … exhibit some form of gender variance Dana Beyer responding to questions after a presentation at the International Foundation for Gender Education conference, March 22, 2003, Philadelphia, Pa.
In July 2004 “The vast majority of individuals whom I have allowed to join the [DES Sons] network had either ‘confirmed’ (i.e., directly through medical records access or indirectly through personal conversation with mother or other family members) or ‘strongly suspected’ (i.e., all evidence points in that direction, but medical records access and/or contact with mother not possible) prenatal DES exposure. However, a few (less than fifty since the network was formed) who had no way of confirming their exposure were also permitted to join in order to assist them with unanswered questions. (It is estimated that 50 percent of all DES- exposed XY males have never been told of their exposure.)” Scott Kerlin, personal communication with the author, July 9, 2004.
It seems that the entire focus of any ongoing “cohort” tracking Author’s personal communication, Scott Kerlin, September 12, 2001.
the goal of the DCCS is to determine whether the health risk of cancer Centers for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov/DES.
not only increased incidence of hypospadias but also “lower ratings” I. D. Yalom, R. Green, and N. Fish, “Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones,” Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 28 (April 1973): 554—61.
A study published in 1992 by researchers at the Kinsey Institute J. M. Reinisch and S. A. Sanders, “Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and Spatial Ability in Human Males,” Hormones and Behavior 26, no. 1 (1992): 52—75.
this subject, as I don’t need to tell you Personal communication, Pat Cody to Scott Kerlin, June 8, 2001.
Since we cannot create fresh studies of DES in humans Author’s personal communication, Scott Kerlin, September 10, 2002.
In 2001, the researcher Niels Skakkebaek and colleagues N. E. Skakkebaek, E. Rajpert-De Meyts, and K. M. Main, “Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: An Increasingly Common Developmental Disorder with Environmental Aspects,” Human Reproduction 5 (July 2001): 972—78.
the biological plausibility of possible damage to certain human functions (particularly reproductive and developing systems) World Health Organization, “Global Assessment of the State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupters,” retrieved from http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/edc/global_edc _TOC.htm, July 31, 2002.
It is somewhat ironic that two synthetic chemicals John McLachlan, “Environmental Signaling and Endocrine Disruption,” Endocrine Reviews 22, no. 3 (2001): 323.
Reviewers considered the work metaphysical Sheldon Krimsky, Hormonal Chaos: The Social and Scientific Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 13.
The higher the dose, the greater is the expected effect Krimsky, Hormonal Chaos, 13.
The authors of a 2000 paper “It is also the case that the environmental endocrine hypothesis resides at the boundary of endocrinology and toxicology, challenging the common wisdom of both fields. For example, Crews et al. outlined some of the salient points that distinguish environmental endocrine disruption from other toxicological approaches. They contrast the ‘traditional toxicological approach,’ which utilizes a carcinogenic model or acute toxicity, with the ‘endocrine disrupter approach,’ which relies on a developmental model and delayed dysfunction.” McLachlan, “Environmental Signaling,” 320, referencing D. Crews, E. Willingham, and J. K. Sipper, “Endocrine Disrupters: Present Issues, Future Directions,” Quarterly Review of Biology jj (2000): 243—60.
In 1990 … Theo Colborn published the results of an extensive literature search T. Colborn, A. Davidson, S. N. Green, et al., Great Lakes, Great Legacyr (Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1992).
studies on what he called “the positioning effect” F. vom Saal and F. Bron-son, “Sexual Characteristics of Adult Female Mice Are Correlated with Their Blood testosterone Levels during Prenatal Development,” Science 208 (1980): 597-99; F S. vom Saal, W. Grant, C. McMullen, and K. Laves, “High Fetal Estrogen Concentrations: Correlation with Enhanced Adult Sexual Preferences and Decreased Aggression in Male Mice,” Science 220 (1983): 1306-9.
Colborn, vomSaal, and other researchers begansharing data T. Colborn, F. S. vom Saal, and A. M. Soto, “Developmental Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans, Environmental Health Perspectives ioi (1993): 378-83.
Together, the two wrote a paper, published in the British medical journal The Lancet R. M. Sharpe and N. E. Skakkebaek, “Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract?” The Lancet 431 (1993): 1392—95.
Additional research funds to study different components Krimsky, Hormonal Chaos, 57.
Is it a coincidence that since the introduction of chlorinated pesticides Johnson, “Endocrine Disrupters.”
Clearly researchers knew that sexual developmental changes were observed with DDT…as early as igSo H. A. Burlington, V. F. Lindeman, “Effect of DDT on Testes and Secondary Sex Characteristics of White Leghorn Cockerels,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 74, no. 48051 (1950): 48-51. See also R. M. Welch, W. Leven, and A. H. Conney, “Estrogenic Action of DDT and Its Analogs,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 14 (1969): 358— 67.
When I saw the words “endocrine disrupter” a lightbulb went off in my head
