We want to thank our agents Esmond Harmsworth and Nan Thornton at Aevitas Creative Management for their guidance, support, and good humor.
Thank you to our wonderful editor, Alex Littlefield, who believed in this project from the start, as well as to Pilar Garcia-Brown and everyone at Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Notes
Prologue
experiences a mental illness: Z. Steel et al., “The Global Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 1980–2013,” International Journal of Epidemiology 43, no. 2 (April 2014): 476–93, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24648481.
forty-four million adults each year: National Institute of Mental Health, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mental-illness-ami-among-us-adults.shtml.
27 percent of adults: World Health Organization, http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/data-and-statistics.
homeless and incarcerated people suffer from mental illness: https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers.
$1 trillion each year: https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2016-04-12/who-makes-economic-argument-for-mental-health-treatment.
$193.2 billion in the United States: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2008/mental-disorders-cost-society-billions-in-unearned-income.shtml.
who die each year by suicide: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/.
suffer from mental illness: https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Related-Conditions/Suicide.
$201 billion in 2013: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/05/19/guess-what-medical-condition-is-the-costliest-its-not-heart-disease-cancer-or-diabetes/?utm_term=.bbe1149ca97c.
1. The Rat’s Revenge
major regions of the human brain: http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/ServicesAtlases/ICBM152NLin2009; https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/FreeSurferMethodsCitation.
three million in the United States: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/schizophrenia.shtml.
performed worldwide: Gordon M. Shepherd, Creating Modern Neuroscience: The Revolutionary 1950s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
1993 in Neuropsychopharmacology: Barbara K. Lipska, George E. Jaskiw, and Daniel R. Weinberger, “Postpubertal Emergence of Hyperresponsiveness to Stress and to Amphetamine After Neonatal Excitotoxic Hippocampal Damage: A Potential Animal Model of Schizophrenia,” Neuropsychopharmacology 9 (1993): 67–75, doi:10.1038/npp.1993.44.
developing novel antipsychotic treatments: “Rat or Mouse Exhibiting Behaviors Associated with Human Schizophrenia,” U.S. patent no. 5,549,884, issued August 27, 1996, by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
2. The Vanishing Hand
three or more tumors: https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/stages-of-melanoma/brain-metastases/.
3. Into My Brain
diagnosed in about 130,000 people each year: https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/about-melanoma/melanoma-stats-facts-and-figures/.
CA209-218: Expanded Access Program with Nivolumab in Combination with Ipilimumab in Patients with Tumors Unable to Be Removed by Surgery or Metastatic Melanoma, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02186249, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02186249?term=CA209-218&rank=1.
4. Derailed
suddenly went off: “Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient,” Smithsonian.com, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/phineas-gage-neurosciences-most-famous-patient-11390067/.
5. Poisoned
midline of the brain: Michele L. Ries et al., “Anosognosia in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Relationship to Activation of Cortical Midline Structures Involved in Self-Appraisal,” Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society 13, no. 3 (May 2007): 450–61.
damage to the right hemisphere: Mental Illness Policy, https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/medical/anosognosia-studies.html.
accept their diagnoses: Ibid.
very resistant to psychiatric treatment: Rachel Aviv, “God Knows Where I Am,” New Yorker, May 30, 2011.
participate in behavioral therapies: C. Arango and X. Amador, “Lessons Learned About Poor Insight,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 27–28.
frontotemporal dementia: Nadene Dermody et al., “Uncovering the Neural Bases of Cognitive and Affective Empathy Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Behavioral-Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 53, no. 3 (2016): 801–16.
60 to 80 percent of all dementia cases: 2015 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures, Alzheimer’s Association, https://www.alz.org/facts/downloads/facts_figures_2015.pdf.
diagnosed each year: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/.
forty-five to sixty-four years old: Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, https://www.theaftd.org/understandingftd/ftd-overview.
typically lack empathy: Dermody et al., “Uncovering the Neural Bases.”
criterion for FTD: K. P. Rankin et al., “Self-Awareness and Personality Change in Dementia,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 76, no. 5 (2005): 632–39, http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/76/5/632.short.
6. Lost
developmental topographical disorientation (DTD): G. Iaria et al., “Developmental Topographical Disorientation and Decreased Hippocampal Functional Connectivity,” Hippocampus 24, no. 11 (November 2014): 1364–74, doi: 10.1002/hipo.22317.
9. What Happened, Miss Simone?
urinary incontinence: Ryuji Sakakibara et al., “Urinary Function in Elderly People with and Without Leukoaraiosis: Relation to Cognitive and Gait Function,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 67 (1999): 658–60.
their healthy siblings: T. M. Hyde et al., “Enuresis as a Premorbid Developmental Marker of Schizophrenia,” Brain 131 (September 2008): 2489–98, doi: 10.1093/brain/awn167.
“not what happened at all”: T. Rees Shapiro, “Harvard-Stanford Admission Hoax Becomes International Scandal,” Washington Post, June 19, 2015.
10. The Light Gets In
BRAIN initiative: https://www.braininitiative.nih.gov/.
11. Survivor
“Neuroscientist Who Lost Her Mind”: Barbara K. Lipska, “The Neuroscientist Who Lost Her Mind,” New York Times, March 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/opinion/sunday/the-neuroscientist-who-lost-her-mind.html.
Epilogue
“Soviets and Polio”: Jake Halpern, “A Triathlon Is Easy Next to Soviets and Polio,” Wall Street Journal, May 22, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-triathlon-is-easy-next-to-soviets-and-polio-1495492959.
About the Authors
BARBARA K. LIPSKA, PH.D., is director of the Human Brain Collection Core at the National Institute of Mental Health, where she studies mental illness and human brain development. She holds a doctorate in medical sciences from the Medical School of Warsaw and is an internationally recognized leader in human postmortem research and animal modeling of schizophrenia. A marathon runner and triathlete, she lives with her husband, Mirek Gorski, in Virginia.
ELAINE McARDLE is an award-winning writer and journalist who has written investigative stories, features, and news for many publications, including the Boston Globe, the Harvard Law Bulletin, and Boston Magazine. She is the coauthor of The Migraine Brain: Your Breakthrough Guide to Fewer Headaches, Better Health. A senior editor at UU World magazine, she lives with her husband, Jack McGrail, in Portland, Oregon.
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