6 ‘Theogony’ is a poem written in ancient Greek, composed by Hesiod in 700 BC, which describes the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods.
7 The end of the Thirty Years’ War, fought throughout Europe from 1618 to 1648 between the Protestants and Catholics, laid the legal foundation for the nation state. The war involved many small German states, the Austrian Empire, Sweden, France and Spain, among other places in Europe. The Catholics were unable to overturn Protestantism, and the treaties that ended the war, called the Peace of Westphalia, decreed that the sovereign ruler of a state had power over all elements of both the nation and the state, including religion.
8 See Chapter 12 titled ‘Money’.
9 The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951, and enacted by Parliament on 18 June 1951 (Also see Rajan 2005, 21–22).
10 New Yorker 2012.
11 Guha 2016, 34; The Hindu 2011.
12 Yamunan 2015. Later, in July 2016, the Madras High Court ruled against the state intervention.
13 See legal advocate and author Abhinav Chandrachud’s view on the issue (Print 2017). Moreover, in countries such as Australia and Singapore, the movie rating agency is also a government body, but these agencies censor movies far less frequently than in India.
14 The Hindu 2013.
15 Volokh 2017.
16 See Chapter 8 titled ‘Nationalism’.
17 Reporters Without Borders 2017.
18 Guha 2016, 33.
19 Albert ed. 1995, 6.
20 See Chapter 7 titled ‘Values’.
1 Author’s interview with Abhimanyu Nowhar, founder of Kiba Design, 4 July 2017.
2 Coomaraswamy 1939 and 1943.
3 Burton 1883, 44.
4 Bhuyan 2016.
5 Chakrabarti 2016.
6 Lilaowala and Cama 2013.
7 Chakrabarti 2016.
8 Dewey 1934.
9 Goodman 1978.
10 Chatterji 2016.
11 Verick 2014.
1 Sen 1999, 14–15.
2 See Chapter 13 titled ‘Decibels’.
3 The Nehru administration made the amendment to Article 19(1)(a) of Constitution of India against ‘abuse of freedom of speech and expression’ in 1951 (See more on this in Chandrachud 2016).
4 Author’s interview with Karuna Nundy, 14 July 2017.
5 USCIRF 2016. Also see Reuters 2017.
6 USCIRF 2016.
7 Author’s interview with Karuna Nundy, 14 July 2017.
8 Engineer, Dabhade and Nair 2017; Khan 2017.
9 Economic Times 2016.
10 Hindustan Times 2016a.
11 Open Doors USA 2017; World Watch Monitor 2017.
12 The Hindu 2014.
13 BBC News 2015; Indian Express 2015.
14 Scroll 2017.
15 Hindustan Times 2016b.
16 The Hindu 2017.
17 Guardian 2017.
18 Milli Gazette 2017.
19 Under state criminal laws, individuals can face up to ten years in jail or a fine of up to Rs 10,000 for the slaughter or possession of cows or bulls or the consumption of beef (News in Asia 2016).
20 Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code makes sex with a person of the same gender punishable by law. On 2 July 2009, the Delhi High Court held that provision to be unconstitutional with respect to sex between consenting adults. However the Supreme Court of India overturned that ruling on 11 December 2013, stating that the court was instead deferring to Indian legislators to provide the sought-after clarity. At the time of writing this book, the Supreme Court had agreed (on 2 February 2016) to reconsider its judgment, stating it would refer petitions to abolish Section 377 to a five-member constitutional bench, which would conduct a comprehensive hearing on the issue.
THE BEGINNING
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This collection published 2018
Copyright © Miniya Chatterji 2018
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Jacket images © Devangana Dash
ISBN: 978-0-670-08973-4
This digital edition published in 2018.
e-ISBN: 978-8-184-75023-2
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