maintains his will, if but twenty per cent of the populace and the troops in the field stand by him, the war will continue until the next election. The army, especially this Grant, will stand by him and thus the war will indeed continue.'
Lee said nothing. This man was sharp, clear in his logic, and also disturbing. He had struck to the core of his own campaign, to break Lincoln's will to fight.
'Now to the third part of my thesis,' Samuel said. 'It is the moral issues but relates to numbers as well.'
He shifted slightly, fixing his gaze intently on Judah.
'You must mobilize Negroes into your army, offering those who serve immediately freedom, full rights of citizenship, including the right to vote, hold property, and hold public office. That freedom must also be extended to their wives and children. As for the rest of your population in slavery, you must offer a solemn pledge of manumission once the crisis of the war has ended.'
There was a long, almost stunned silence, as if the unspeakable had just been pronounced.
Lee sat silent. The conversation had turned to a political issue and as a general in the field, he was solemnly bound to leave such issues to his government, regardless of personal feelings.
Judah shook his head wearily, as if a sudden weight had been dumped upon his shoulders.
'I've heard this before,' Judah replied. 'General Cleburne, a brilliant field commander in our Western armies, said the same thing last year. It forever ruined his career in the army, and it will never happen as long as this war continues.'
Samuel looked over at Judah.
'My friend, I know that somewhere hidden within you, you've entertained the exact same thoughts.' Judah nodded in agreement
'Several months back, when it was evident that Vicks-burg would fall, and after the terrible casualties from Chancellorsville, I ventured this proposal, in private, to one of our senators, who shall remain nameless,' Judah said. 'His response, 'My God, Judah, if we maintain that the black man is only fit to be a slave, and then give him freedom and arm him, what will that say of everything we once believed in?'' 'I am urging you to reconsider the very core issues some on your side believe in,' Samuel continued. 'For if you do not, I predict ultimate defeat. You will be forced, at bayonet point, to change anyhow. Why not do it now, on the crest of the incredible victories General Lee has given you? It would change the course of the war, in fact, I predict it would end the war.'
'To turn that into a political reality?' Judah asked and shrugged his shoulders. 'Do you realize there would be some who would actually suggest secession from the South if our government tried that move?'
Samuel chuckled sadly.
'Once the precedent has been set, it is hard to stop. If that was threatened, then I would urge you to face it down, to challenge them to go. Their will would collapse and reality would be faced.
'The tens of thousands of colored who have fled Baltimore these last few days, how many of those young men will wind up in Union army recruiting depots?' Samuel asked. 'How many will come back here in a month, two months, rifles poised, men filled with a terrible resolve.'
'Some have said that the black man would not make a good soldier,' Judah replied.
Samuel shook his head.
'Any student of military history would tell you different. Would you not agree, General Lee?'
Lee was silent, not wishing to get drawn into this conversation, which had turned so political.
'The reports I received of the black regiment in the defense of Washington indicated they fought with ferocity and were a crucial element in our defeat,' he finally replied. 'My own father spoke of the role played by men of that race in the Revolution. No, sir, I think if motivated, they will fight.
There are thousands of freemen and even slaves in our ranks now, usually as cooks, teamsters, and servants for officers, but more than one has stood on the volley line.'
'Some point to the anarchy in Haiti as an example of how the black man can never be trained to be an efficient soldier and have an effective army,' Samuel interjected. 'But then again, one could point to a hundred wars where white soldiers were rabble or worse. But in direct response the black men of this country were good enough to fight for America in 1776 and 1812. They have served by the thousands in our navy with valor since the first days of the republic. Elite units in many of the nations of the Middle East are made up of Africans. I could offer yet more examples but I digress.
'Judah, in direct response to those who question my proposal, I would reply they are placing the cart before the horse. Recruit them, train them, put them into battle, and then judge the results. If they then fail, the argument would, in fact, be settled forever. But if they succeed? Then you will have not just divisions but entire corps of men equal to any soldier of the Army of Northern Virginia, or more important, the Army of the Potomac.'
Lee looked at the two and shifted uncomfortably. Was this conversation real, or in some way was Judah playing a subtle game, to impact on his own thinking about the war?
'Why was the president not invited to this conversation?' Lee asked.
Samuel and Judah looked at Lee.
'Let's just say it would inhibit conversation. Besides, he has other duties to attend to this evening,' Judah replied. 'Discussions about the new state legislatures, appointment of a provisional governor.'
'My sense of duty obligates me to raise a question about the appropriateness of this conversation. It is not the place of a soldier to discuss politics.'
Judah laughed.
'Tell that to, let's see, Braxton Bragg, our dear friend Beauregard, for that matter, nearly every general under your command. There is a difference, sir, between the ideal and the real in this war, as there is in every war.'
'Nevertheless, I prefer to hold myself above that.'
'General Lee,' Samuel said softly, 'if ever there has been a political war in history, it is this one. It is the heart and soul of this conflict.'
'I cannot do that, sir,' Lee replied sharply. 'What you suggest has the taint of Napoleonism in it, and I would rather die than see my army become a tool of that kind of thinking.'
'Do not misconstrue Samuel's words,' Benjamin continued. 'I, sir, in spite of your gallant record, would urge your removal from office if ever I even suspected you were breaking the code of the professional military officer. Nor is there that faintest suggestion that you dabble in politics, as too many of your brother officers do, but perhaps we should hear Samuel's arguments nevertheless, purely as an intellectual exercise, a chance to hear the views of a learned man who has lived behind the enemy's lines for two years.'
Lee nodded and settled back again. If anything, curiosity now compelled him to hear, even more than Samuel's challenges, the reply of the secretary of state of the Confederacy for which he fought.
'Go ahead then, gentlemen.'
'General Lee, I hope I have not offended you in any way,' Samuel said, his concern obvious and heartfelt.
'No, sir, I always prefer plain truthful speaking, and it is obvious to me you are a man of courage to do so.'
'Thank you, General. May I continue?'
Lee reluctantly nodded agreement.
'The North has outflanked the Confederacy on two points in relationship to the black man,' Samuel continued. 'First, and most clearly evident, Abraham Lincoln's decree of emancipation, whether it is legal or not, has redefined this war from one that is a constitutional question to a more fundamental question that I think goes back to the Declaration of Independence…. Are all men indeed created equal?'
'Lincoln's political maneuverings are a fraud, sir,' Judah replied sharply. 'It is a diversion from the real issues of this war, the constitutional issues that created this fight.'
'Yes, in some ways, it is a fraud, for if the full intent was equality, it would have applied to all states where slavery exists, including here in Maryland and Delaware. It does not, but that point is moot.'
'How so?' Judah asked.
'Because Lincoln has created a new moral perception, a different reality. The North, with that one act, with one signature on a document, has changed the political and moral dimensions of this war. One must admit that prior to the proclamation, the argument was almost an abstraction. Yes, men of both sides could rally to the cry for a single Union or Southern Independence, but the deeper complex issues evaded the minds of many.'
'I'll consider that point,' Judah replied, 'but it is simplistic to think that slavery alone caused this war.'
