after his flight.
I liked Ed. He was different from your average astronaut. Fascinated by psychic phenomena and spiritual energy, he studied “new age” ideas that were far outside the scientific mainstream. It didn’t fit our NASA work, so Ed kept his interests pretty much to himself for a long time. At my apartment, however, we’d have long discussions into the night exploring what he called “the nature of consciousness,” including his plan to try ESP experiments on his moon mission.
Ed’s Apollo 14 mission would set down where Apollo 13 had planned to land; NASA was investing two missions in one landing zone. We hoped their geological survey would bring new scientific knowledge to help justify the huge investment. The mission commander, however, was Alan Shepard.
Grounded for years by an inner-ear condition, Shepard had sat out most of the space program in a desk job. Eventually he underwent an operation to fix the problem, jumped back into the flight roster, and tried to grab the next available mission. NASA insisted he needed more time to train and knocked him back to Apollo 14. Although Shepard had two excellent crewmembers, I heard grousing that Al didn’t take the science seriously.
Ed Mitchell and Stu Roosa, the lunar module pilot and command module pilot for the mission, were two of NASA’s best. In fact, many considered Ed the most talented astronaut of my entire selection group. But a crew is guided, both in training and in attitude, by its commander. Shepard made it clear to a number of geologists that rocks weren’t a priority for him.
When Al and Ed landed on the moon in February 1971, they managed an impressive amount of science work, but the rolling landscape and lack of clear landmarks could confuse anyone. They were soon lost during an ambitious excursion up the side of a large crater. As they pressed on toward the crater rim, the two of them grew tired and overheated. They had a choice: try and make the rim or carefully and scientifically document the rocks they were climbing past. They did neither. Out of time, never really sure where they were, Ed and Al no longer had the ability to accurately document and sample the hillside. They had to grab samples, snap a photo, and press on.
Perhaps the mission was too ambitious, and this was the best possible result. It was hard to understand a landing site until you were there in person. Nevertheless, the fact that NASA had launched both Apollo 13 and 14 to survey this one area, and that many geologists were understandably disgruntled by the results, made me even more determined to make our mission count.
We were now next in line to fly. We’d made it through the long training grind. NASA’s attention really turned in our direction, and I felt an intense focus on preparing our mission to launch. It was getting so close, I could almost taste it. And yet, in the spring of 1971, right as we neared the peak of our abilities and readiness to fly, I made a decision that fucked up my life completely, utterly, and irreversibly.
CHAPTER 7
TRAINING AND TEMPTATION
Decades later, I am still angry. Upset at myself and others. It seemed like an insignificant thing at the time, when I was concentrating on flying and science preparations for the mission. But eventually it overwhelmed all the good work that we did and ruined my career.
Unlike robot probes and satellites, we were human space explorers. This human component allowed us to do more than unmanned missions ever could. However, wherever humans go, human behavior goes with them. That included the urge to take care of our own interests.
When I joined the program, I soon heard how astronauts enjoyed the perks that came with the job. The original astronauts had succeeded in selling their personal stories to Time-Life and Field Enterprises, despite the concerns of a few officials. The Corvette-leasing deal had slipped by, too. Other offers, such as free houses and low-interest loans, had not been approved—although not for lack of trying. Then there were people like Al Shepard, apparently making millions on government time, while his bosses appeared to turn a blind eye. Earlier crews had even been able to accept gifts of free life insurance, although this perk was no longer offered by the time I flew.
I also learned that this kind of behavior, using astronaut status as a way to get a little something extra, even extended to the spaceflights. As far back as the earliest Mercury missions, astronauts carried personal items that no one at NASA checked too closely. To give just a couple of examples, Gus Grissom had coins and little Mercury spacecraft charms hidden in a spacesuit leg pocket, and Gordo Cooper stuffed paper currency in his spacesuit. Wally Schirra’s colleagues even tucked a tiny bottle of scotch and a packet of cigarettes in his spacecraft. Initially treasured by their recipients, over time many of these items have turned up for sale on the open market. If you have enough cash, you can buy them.
Yet I doubt money was ever the motive. I think the items were used to pull pranks, to give to family members, close friends, or coworkers who had supported the astronauts in some way. They were generally modest, almost worthless trinkets, other than their journey into space. Receiving one was a sign that you were in some kind of inner circle, with all of the unspoken affection, and trust, this gesture implied. It is a cliche, but it truly was a more innocent time.
The danger was, of course, that after flown items left an astronaut’s hands, they might end up anywhere. They might be sold. NASA wasn’t happy about that possibility, although they seemed to accept it was out of their control. But the trinkets came with an unspoken understanding and obligation not to embarrass the giver.
By the time I showed up, during the Gemini program, Deke Slayton had developed an informal system. Gemini astronauts could fill a tiny bag with personal items as long as he was given a list of the contents. The Gemini lists I have seen are about thirty words long, and give generalities such as “coin, tie tack, Masonic ring, various medals, flags.” They identified no recipients.
NASA also flew its own set of mementos. Senators and congressmen always welcomed a little flown flag of their home state. Other items were gifted to museums and cultural centers all over the world, at which point NASA lost any control over them.
Dave Scott, who had already flown twice and was about to fly again, knew the drill. But Apollo 15 was my first flight, and I didn’t know squat about souvenirs. NASA told me that Apollo astronauts could carry a couple of little bags in the command module called Personal Preference Kits, or PPKs. They couldn’t weigh more than a few pounds in total. In addition, smaller and lighter PPK bags would ride in the lunar module, down to the lunar surface and back. Looking like little lunch sacks, the PPKs were made of Beta cloth, the special fire-resistant material also used to cover our spacesuits. The bags that went to the lunar surface had to be light; they weighed less than a full cereal box.
As I recall, our Apollo flight carried five PPKs in the command module. Dave and Jim also took bags in the lunar module and kindly offered to carry some items of mine to the lunar surface. Additionally, I had a bag of music cassette tapes to listen to.
We were not required to publicly disclose the PPK contents, and I don’t know of any Apollo astronaut who ever did. In recent years, astronauts have sold a few items at auctions, so the public is discovering a little of what they took. At the time, we just gave Deke Slayton our lists. I believe Deke then told the mission director that the items met flight requirements for inflammability and toxicity and were not controversial.
It was relaxed and informal; often the lists weren’t even typed up. Looking for human-interest stories, the press often asked NASA about the personal items astronauts carried. But NASA never gave them any details. I understood that NASA only cared about their weight, so engineers could properly balance the spacecraft cabin contents.
The PPKs weren’t opened during the flight; they held nothing we’d need. Other personal items, such as sunglasses, combs, spoons, razors, and pens that we would use in flight were ours to keep afterward and do with as we wished. Many astronauts also stripped off little parts of their spacecraft at the end of a mission, particularly from the lunar modules that would not return to Earth.
