Sergeyevich Nemchinov and Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich). In November 1965, he moved to the Leningrad branch of the Central Economic-Mathematical Institute. He was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Novozhilov was one of the most creatively significant of the Soviet economists. His most notable scientific contribution concerned the capital intensity issue, which grew out of his participation over many years in the work of institutes designing new plants and technologies. It was on the basis of this experience that he wrote his doctoral dissertation, titled Methods of Measuring the National Economic Effectiveness of Project Variants, a theme which ultimately led him to a general opportunity-cost theory of value and allocation.
Novozhilov was a rarity in Soviet economics, a representative of the prerevolutionary intelligentsia who managed to preserve its values in the Soviet environment. He was a man of sterling character and attractive personality, an erudite scholar with a cosmopolitan view of the world, and an accomplished violinist and painter. He understood English, though he did not feel comfortable speaking it. See also: SLUTSKY, YEVGENY YEVGENIEVICH; TUGAN-BARANOVSKY, MIKHAIL IVANOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Robert Campbell. (1961). “Marx, Kantorovich, and Novozhilov: Stoimost Versus Reality,” Slavic Review 20: 402-418. Novozhilov, Valentin. (1970). Problems of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Optimal Planning. White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press.
Novy Mir (New World), a literary, critical, and political journal based in Moscow, was founded in 1925 as part of an official initiative to revivify the Russian tradition of the thick journal in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution. True to that tradition, Novy Mir published political and social commentaries along with its staple of fiction, poetry, and literary criticism. Having come into being during the mid-1920s, during the last few years of relative cultural openness in the young Soviet Union, the journal published works by the most prominent writers of the day. The major works of literature published in the journal during this period were Maxim Gorky’s novel The Life of Klim Samgin (Zhizn Klima Samgina) and Alexei Tolstoy’s Road to Calvary (Khozhdenie po mukam).
Like Soviet culture as a whole, from the early 1930s until Stalin’s death in 1953, what Novy Mir could publish was severely limited by the strictures of the official doctrine of Socialist Realism, which dictated that all publications must actively support the building of socialism in the Soviet Union. Following the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Novy Mir soon established itself as the most prestigious literary journal of the post-Stalin period. Under the editorship of the poet Alexander Tvardovsky, the journal ushered in the ensuing period of cultural liberalism with the publication of the groundbreaking article by the critic Vladimir Pomerant-sev, “On Sincerity in Literature” (Ob iskrennosti v literature), which called for the “unvarnished” portrayal of reality in Soviet literary works. Tvar-dovsky’s first tenure as editor of the journal ended when, in reprisal for his publication of politically questionable works, he was replaced by the prose writer Konstantin Simonov in 1954. Simonov himself, however, fell victim to the uncertain cultural “thaw” of the times and was deposed as editor in the wake of his 1956 publication of Vladimir Dud-intsev’s controversial novel, Not by Bread Alone (Ne khlebom edinym). Tvardovsky was reappointed editor in 1958 and led the journal through its most illustrious period.
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The journal, with its distinctive pale blue cover, became the leading literary periodical of the cultural relaxation under Khrushchev. Its most historically resonant publication of this period was Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s novella, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Odin den Ivana Denisovicha), in 1962. During the years of cultural stagnation under Brezhnev, the limits of the allowable in Soviet literature and culture again tightened. Tvar-dovsky struggled to maintain Novy Mir’s liberal profile until he was forced by increasing political pressure to resign from the editorship in 1970. The journal came into its own again during the glas-nost period. The prose writer Sergei Zalygin assumed the editorship of the journal in 1986 and, like Tvardovsky before him, steered the journal to a leading role in the liberalization of Soviet culture under Gorbachev. The landmark Novy Mir publications of the glasnost period included the appearance in 1988 of Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago, which had been rejected for publication in the journal in 1950s. Novy Mir also served as the primary outlet for Sozhenitsyn’s previously banned publications during this period. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a market economy in Russia, Novy Mir, like other major Soviet publications, has struggled to adjust to the changing economic and cultural situation. See also: GLASNOST; GORKY, MAXIM; INTELLIGENTSIA; PASTERNAK, BORIS LEONIDOVICH; SIMONOV, KON-STANTIN MIKHAILOVICH; SOCIALIST REALISM; THAW, THE; THICK JOURNALS; TOLSTOY, LEO NIKOLAYEVICH; SOLZHENITSYN, ALEXANDER ISAYEVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glenny, Michael, ed. (1967). Novy Mir: A Selection, 1925-1967. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. Spechler, Dina R. (1982). Permitted Dissent in the USSR: Novy Mir and the Soviet Regime. New York: Praeger.
The Treaty of Nystadt was signed on August 30 (September 10, O.S.), 1721, in the Finnish town of Nystadt. It ended the twenty-one year Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. The treaty was the result of several years of negotiations between the warring parties. The clauses were:
1. “Eternal peace” was established on land and sea 2. All hostilities were committed to oblivion, except for the crimes of the Russian Cossacks who had aided the Swedes
4. Sweden agreed to cede to Russia Livonia (Lifliandia), Estonia (Estliandia), Ingermanland (Ingria), part of Karelia with Vyborg district, with the towns of Riga, D?nam?nde, Pernau, Reval (Tallinn), Dorpat, Narva, Vyborg, Kex-holm, and the islands of Oesel, Dago, and Meno 5. Russia agreed to evacuate Finland (invaded in 1713-1714) and to pay Sweden two million thalers compensation 6. Sweden was granted entitlement to trade in Riga, Reval, and Arensburg, and to purchase grain duty-free 7. Russia agreed not to interfere in Swedish domestic affairs
8. The border was defined in detail
9. The former Swedish provinces annexed to Russia were to retain all their privileges and rights unwaveringly 10. The Protestant faith was to enjoy the same freedoms as Orthodoxy 11. Claims to landed estates in Livonia and Estonia were to be settled, and 12. Swedish citizens with claims to land could retain their estates only if they swore allegiance to the Russian crown 13. Russian troops still in Livonia were to be provisioned, but they were required to take all their weapons and supplies when they left, and to return archives and documents 14. Prisoners of war were to be returned (unless they wished to stay) 15. The kingdom of Poland, as an ally of both signatories, was included in the treaty, but Sweden was free to conclude a separate treaty with Poland 16. There was to be free trade between Sweden and Russia 17. Swedish merchants were allowed to maintain warehouses in Russian towns and ports 18. The parties agreed to help each other in case of shipwrecks and 19. To greet ships of both nations with the usual friendly shots 20. Ambassadors and envoys were to pay their own expenses, but the host power would provide escorts 21. Other European powers were given the option to enter the treaty within three months
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22. Quarrels and disputes were to be settled equitably, without breaching the peace 23. Traitors, murderers, and criminals would be extradited 24. The treaty was to be ratified in three weeks in Nystadt
The treaty was published in Russian in large print runs of five thousand copies in 1721 and twenty thousand copies in 1723, following the authorization of the map showing the new borders. It sealed both Russia’s rising status as a leading player in European politics and Sweden’s decline as a major military power, marking its disappearance from the southern shores of the Baltic, to the advantage of Denmark, Prussia, and Russia. It also underlined Poland’s status as a client state. At the official celebrations in St. Petersburg in October 1721, Peter
