herself. Lamenting the unexpected ‘strange reckoning’ that had befallen her, she warned of the frailty of worldly joy and prosperity – and, in a scathing aside, of the ‘blandishing promise’ of ‘false astrology’ which Elizabeth’s death had so emphatically disproved: ‘The year yet lasteth, and lo now here I lie.’39
The passing of the glories of the world, the instability of life and the permanence of death: all the themes of More’s poem were conventional enough. But they drove home emphatically the fragile foundations on which the reign now rested. In speaking of the fleeting nature of earthly things, More’s Elizabeth summoned up the most visible signs of royal power – precisely those architectural projects into which Henry had poured so much money: ‘Goodly Richmond’, his proud dynastic symbol, and ‘that costly work of yours’, the new chapel attached to Westminster Abbey on which work had started only the previous month, following Henry’s initial downpayment of ?30,000. Consciously or not – and with More, things were rarely unwitting – he had struck at the heart of the matter. With Elizabeth’s death, the edifice of power that Henry had so painstakingly built was crumbling.40
As she bade farewell to her family, a ghostly repeated refrain of ‘adieu … adieu’ fading into eternity, More’s fictional Elizabeth saved her most direct advice for Henry, her ‘faithful love’, her ‘dear spouse’. Formerly ‘were you father’ but now ‘must you supply/ The mother’s part also.’ Not only did the king have to raise an heir, he had to nurture a son.
Henry, though, was in no position to do anything. His retreat from the world to a ‘solitary place’ had been announced as a willed period of private mourning; in fact, his reaction to his wife’s death was altogether more uncontrolled. As was increasingly the case, his inscrutable reactions to the vicissitudes of his reign were betrayed by his body. For the next six weeks, he was shut away. As well as the tubercular condition that had struck him down in previous winters, brought on by the February cold and damp, he had developed a quinsy, an acute, pustular tonsillitis. Feverish, his lungs infected, he lay close to death. For days he was unable to swallow or even open his mouth.41
Since Henry’s first major illness in 1499 at the height of the Perkin Warbeck denouement, intermittent talk at court had revolved around what would happen in the event of the king’s death, with both his sons then in their minority. Now, with his queen dead, with the succession depending solely on his twelve-year-old son, and with Suffolk at large, the situation was infinitely worse. It was vital that word of his illness did not leak out.
He was surrounded by his ‘secretest’: his small group of intimate body servants. Among them were Richard Weston, James Braybroke and Piers Barbour, the Breton Francis Marzen and the page of the wardrobe of robes William Smith. Presided over by the impassive groom of the stool Hugh Denys, they ensured that, with the dynasty’s future in the balance, security around the ailing king was tight. Lady Margaret moved into Richmond, ordering in medicines and necessaries for her son and liberal supplies of sweet wine for herself, rewarding the king’s physicians, his secret servants and their wives, along with the reassuring presence of Arthur Plantagenet: during that uncertain time, Elizabeth’s dependable half-brother was close at hand, possibly as a confidential line of communication between Richmond and Eltham. And, as Lady Margaret tended her son and directed his servants, all the time she watched, peering over her gold-rimmed spectacles.42
Through February and March, the king slipped in and out of delirium. Then, as the days grew lighter and the chill of winter subsided, he emerged, thin and drawn, dressed in mourning black.43 But the mask was back in place. By the end of the month, he was convalescing in the Essex countryside. Something in Henry, though, was altered, intensified : there was, perhaps, a greater sense than before of his detachment from those around him, his implacable drive for control, over himself and over his kingdom. Few around him, including his closest counsellors, would ‘see or hear’ anything of the private man ever again. And he set his mind to reconstructing the future of the kingdom around his second son, a child whom he barely knew at all.44
In early April, as correspondence between England and Spain on the subject of the new marriage shuttled back and forth, rumours reached Catherine’s parents of a new and disconcerting development: the king had turned an appraising eye on Prince Arthur’s widow as a possible bridal candidate for himself. It was, Isabella stuttered, ‘a very evil thing … we would not for anything in the world that it should take place.’45 ‘Talk in England’ remained just that, but for all Isabella’s disapproving tone, the Catholic monarchs were more than ever desperate to conclude a new Anglo-Spanish marriage treaty – just not one that involved the king. Over-extended in their ruinous war against France for supremacy on the Italian peninsula, with French troops massing on the northern border of Spain, and needing to bind Henry more closely into Spanish affairs, they offered him instead the hand of Ferdinand’s niece Giovanna, the twenty-five-year-old dowager queen of Naples.
The rumours dissipated. But in the precarious aftermath of his wife’s death, Henry, who had previously temporized over the prince’s proposed betrothal of Catherine, called in his son to see him. One of the counsellors standing in the background, Richard Fox’s protege Nicholas West, an authority in matrimonial law, later remembered the scene, the young boy standing mutely in front of his father, the king’s speech formal and stilted: ‘Son Henry,’ he said, ‘I have agreed with the King of Aragon that you should marry Catherine, your brother’s widow, in order that the peace between us might be continued.’ Do you, he asked his son, want this to happen? The prince, submissive, deferred to his father.46
For Catherine, Elizabeth’s death also came as a blow. There had been signs – Elizabeth’s learning of Spanish and her solicitude toward her bereaved daughter-in-law following Prince Arthur’s death – of a growing relationship, that of mentor and protegee, between the two. Now, installed with her household at Durham House on the Strand, Catherine waited anxiously. With widowhood, her status as princess of Wales had lapsed, and with it her independence: she was, once more, an unmarried Spanish infanta, under the domineering, self-aggrandizing governance of her duenna, Dona Elvira Manrique.
Since she had first set foot in England, Catherine’s entourage had been trouble. Squabbles between her household officers had emerged as outright faction, headed by the Spanish ambassadors resident at Henry’s court, Pedro de Ayala and Rodrigo de Puebla, who hated each other. To the likes of de Ayala and Dona Elvira, de Puebla seemed to have gone native; worse still, he was servile and low-born and – the ultimate offence, in de Ayala’s eyes – he was ‘not a good Christian’ but a
In fact, although the squabbling continued, all parties were keen for the betrothal to go ahead. Whatever qualms Catherine may have had about marrying her dead husband’s brother were dispelled by a desperation to get out from under her duenna’s thumb and resume the status – and with it, the income – of an English princess. That spring, things were, it seemed, looking up. In a spasm of unaccustomed largesse that April, Henry had authorized an extra ?100 over and above her normal household allowance, remembering to scribble ‘for this time only’ in the margin of his chamber accounts. So desperate were Ferdinand and Isabella to proceed that they deliberately avoided the knotty questions of Catherine’s income and her dowry. By 23 June, a new marriage treaty was signed and sealed.47
Two days later, Prince Henry and Catherine were betrothed in a ceremony at the Bishop of Salisbury’s Inn, south of Fleet Street. It was only a start. There would have to be another engagement ceremony when the prince reached the marriageable age of fourteen. And before that, papal authorization would have to be obtained for the match to proceed. As Item 1 of the draft treaty outlined, such a dispensation was necessary because Catherine’s previous marriage had been ‘solemnised within the rites of the Catholic Church’ and ‘afterwards consummated’ – as Prince Arthur had boasted when he emerged after his wedding night announcing to his servants what ‘good pastime it is to have a wife’.48 As a result, Catherine was related to her intended spouse in the first degree of affinity. Both Henry VII and Ferdinand would have to negotiate the labyrinthine world of papal politics, whose venality and corruption had assumed baroque proportions under the rule of the Borgia Pope Alexander VI, who even his greatest admirer admitted ‘never did anything else, nor thought about anything else, than to deceive men’.49 Both monarchs, though, had reason to feel confident of success.
Henry placed a premium on his relationship with Rome. In the absence of other forms of legitimacy, he had from the beginning held papal validation of his reign – and papal condemnation of his Yorkist rivals – as being of prime importance. Ostentatiously parading his devotion to the church, he basked in the lustre of close relations with the papacy, constantly dangling the carrot of substantial financial backing in front of perennially bankrupt popes. But although Henry put his hand in his purse when occasion demanded, in general fine words and displays of piety were about as far as it went. In England, his administrators and lawyers attacked church jurisdiction – an obstacle to
