Henry countless times, without reply, and he had waved away her pleading. Ferdinand, he stated, had failed to deliver her dowry, and that was that. Catherine begged her father to remedy the situation. In response, Ferdinand promised another date for payment: 24 June, the Feast of St John the Baptist. The date came and went, and again he failed to deliver. His belated and contradictory excuses to Henry only made things worse.31
Machiavelli wrote about Ferdinand that he used to talk of nothing but ‘peace and good faith’. However, he continued, if Ferdinand had practised what he preached, he would have been ruined: both his credit with banks and his estates would been lost several times over. Machiavelli gave the impression that Ferdinand’s way was the right one. Catherine, however, was left in limbo – and, consequently, so too was Prince Henry.32
That summer, too, cracks began to appear in the Anglo-Burgundian treaty. Margaret of Savoy, a committed widow, obstinately refused to contemplate marriage to Henry, despite the pleas of her brother and father, with their eyes on Henry’s money. Away in Castile, Philip’s triumphant arrival had descended into a prolonged squabble with Ferdinand over the succession. Then, on 25 September, he died suddenly, in mysterious circumstances; he had, according to one Italian ambassador, ‘eaten something’.33
Henry, though, was not unduly concerned. The negotiations for marriage between his daughter Mary and the young Habsburg heir Charles of Ghent were gathering pace, and Philip’s death, in fact, opened up another window of opportunity: marriage to his widow, Juana. And besides, he now had Suffolk.
On 16 March, Suffolk rode into Calais under armed guard and was delivered into the custody of the town’s indefatigable comptroller and spymaster Sir John Wilshere. If he had initially come ‘not altogether unwillingly’, labouring under the misapprehension that Henry would welcome him back to court and restore his titles and lands, it was probably now, as he embarked with Wilshere, Sir Henry Wyatt and sixty armed soldiers of the Calais garrison, that the penny dropped. Some ten hours later, the ship docked at the port of London, from where Suffolk had fled some four and a half years previously, and where Sir Thomas Lovell now waited, grim-faced, at the head of a heavily armed reception committee. Without ceremony, Suffolk was taken through the back streets to the Tower, through its gatehouse and across its moat, into its depths. He would not come out alive.34
But Suffolk’s associates had evaded Henry’s clutches – among them his charismatic younger brother Richard de la Pole. In the last months of Suffolk’s captivity, relations between the two had grown strained. From his cramped lodgings in Aachen, Richard had scribbled a pleading, anxiety-ridden letter to Suffolk. Both of them, he wrote, were dishonoured by the crippling debt they had racked up over the years – but that was the least of Richard’s problems. Everywhere he went in the city’s crowded, bustling streets, he had the creeping feeling of being watched. Looking over his shoulder, out of the corner of his eye, he saw figures loitering. The place was riddled with Henry’s agents. Convinced he was in great personal danger, he had resolved not to go out anymore. Even the local creditors who regularly threatened him had been bought off: ‘if I am killed in the street, king Henry will pay them their money.’35 Penniless and terrified, Richard felt utterly abandoned by his brother. With Suffolk’s extradition, he was completely on his own.
But Richard’s luck finally turned. The new prince-bishop of Liege, whose territories bordered Aachen, was sympathetic – neither was he bound by his predecessor’s extradition treaty with Henry. Paying off Richard’s debts, Liege brokered his flight, across the territories of the Holy Roman Empire, to the kingdom of Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary. Ladislaus, who had also been bribed by Henry, nevertheless welcomed Richard with open arms. For the next decade, until his death, Ladislaus would continue to pay an annual pension to the man who, taking up the Yorkist cause, would become known simply as ‘White Rose’.36
At Croydon, Lady Margaret noted Suffolk’s arrival neatly in the book of hours that doubled as an occasional diary: ‘this day came de la Pole’. She was presented, too, with a new, fully updated account of ‘the coming of the king of Castile’, which contained the satisfying sequel ‘and Edmund de la Pole’.37 As he had done after Perkin Warbeck’s capture eight years before, Henry went on a pilgrimage of thanksgiving through East Anglia, to the Norfolk shrine of Our Lady at Walsingham, a model of devotion amidst the relics and graven images. By mid-May, he was back at Westminster, then took barge for the Tower. There, the inquests began.
While Henry had been in Walsingham, the expert inquisitor Sir Thomas Lovell and his colleagues had embarked on a prolonged interrogation of de la Pole – ‘exhaustive’, as one chronicler delicately put it. By the time the king arrived, Suffolk had undoubtedly been softened up, reduced to a state of mental and physical collapse, as Warbeck had been years before. Now, the king got to work.
What now happened to Suffolk in the bowels of the Tower was, characteristically, kept under wraps – but he was almost certainly tortured. As the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt later recalled, his father, Henry VII’s jewel-house keeper Henry Wyatt, had been racked on the orders of Richard III, who had sat there and watched. Whether Henry did the same with Suffolk during the course of his relentlessly insistent questioning can never be known, but although technically speaking nobles were not to be tortured, such rules were rarely observed. Besides, Suffolk, attainted – stripped of his hereditary title – was no longer a member of the nobility, merely ‘Ed. Rebel’.
Whether or not Suffolk confirmed Henry’s suspicions about doubtful loyalties and conspiracy at court, his capture and interrogation opened another can of worms. While Suffolk had been in Flanders, the king had moved with caution against members of the political elite. Now he was safely under lock and key, Henry let his counsellors off the leash.38
For the hopelessly insolvent Sir Richard Guildford, things had gone from bad to worse. This once-influential loyalist was now a political deadweight, unable to maintain control in his native Kent and deep in debt: imprisoned in the Fleet, he was stripped of office early in 1506. That April, before he left for Walsingham, Henry VII issued a pardon for Guildford’s embezzlement of crown funds. But with his creditors hovering, prosecution impending, and political pressure building, Guildford left court. In a well-worn method of self-imposed exile, he made his will and set off on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He would not return.39
Guildford’s enforced grand tour was a revelation to him, and to his chaplain, who kept a diary of the trip. Through France, Germany and the Austrian Alps into the plains of northern Italy, they marvelled at shrines and relics and, at Padua, the tomb of the Roman historian Livy. At Venice, they followed the time-honoured tourist route, taking in the Byzantine richness of St Mark’s, the glass-makers at Murano, and the ‘many abbeys and houses of religion that stand in the sea’. Henry’s former armourer and master of ordnance, Guildford was astonished by the walled, heavily fortified Arsenal, swarming with ropemakers and engineers, its hundred battle-ready galleys, its ‘wonder and strange ordinance’. The icing on the visit came on Ascension Day, with the annual ritual of Venice’s symbolic wedding to the sea: the Venetian Signoria being rowed out into the lagoon in an ornate galley, trumpets rasping, the Doge proclaiming the marriage vows and dropping a gold ring into the depths. Venice had all things ‘that maketh a city glorious … above all places that ever I saw.’
From there, Guildford and his party took ship, down the Adriatic, stopping at the Venetian city of Ragusa, or Dubrovnik – ‘the strongest town that ever I saw in my life’ – and out into the Aegean, journeying through Venice’s marine empire: Kythira, where ‘Helen the Greekish queen was born’ and ‘ravished by Paris in the next isle by’, and Crete – ‘right evil people’, though they made ‘great wines’. Proceeding cautiously ‘for fear of the Turk’ through the eastern Mediterranean and the newly colonized territories of the Ottoman Empire, they arrived at the Palestinian port of Jaffa, hired camels ‘with great difficulty and at outrageous cost’, and reached Jerusalem that August, five months after leaving the Sussex port of Rye. No sooner had Guildford arrived than he succumbed to fever, died, and was buried on Mount Zion. It was probably the neatest way out for all concerned.40
With Guildford’s departure, another of the king’s Bosworth companions was gone. Henry had shown a flicker of sentiment over Guildford’s fate, allowing him a way out – even if it meant exile. After all, Guildford had intimate connections with Lady Margaret’s household, where his widow, Lady Anne, had been brought up and was one of her closest attendants; Anne had also served Queen Elizabeth, and Henry’s two daughters, Margaret and Mary. Of Sir Richard’s two sons, Henry Guildford was the prince’s ever-present companion, while his older half-brother Edward was one of the court’s foremost jousters, idolized by the prince: part of the fabric of the regime. Indeed, they had little choice. Their father’s bankruptcy had left them reliant on their court careers for income and Edward followed in Sir Richard’s footsteps, taking over the running of the royal armoury in Southwark that he and his father had run together. Now, Henry turned his gaze on Suffolk’s associates. One of the first he moved against was Sir Richard Guildford’s rival in Kent, the man with whom the king had been forced into an understanding: Lord Bergavenny.41
In June 1506, an indictment was brought against Bergavenny in the court of King’s Bench. It involved events of nine years previously when, back in the summer of 1497, Bergavenny, then twenty-eight years old, had been with the earl of Suffolk at his manor of Ewelme in Oxfordshire with a detachment of men, vainly attempting to slow the rapid advance of the Cornish insurgents, then at Wallingford some miles to the west. Henry had sent a dispatch
