Примечания
1
Nagaoka indicates indirectly that the visit took place sometime prior to July 1910 — after Marsden's 1909 discovery and before Rutherford's announcement to Geiger at Christmastime 1910 that he had worked out an explanation.
2
George Gamow had proposed such a model in Copenhagen in 1928. Bohr credited it to Gamow at the October 1933 Solvay conference, as did Heisenberg. Bohr and his student Fritz Kalkar subsequently developed the model and physicists customarily attribute it to him.
3
Fractionation — fractional crystallization — was a technique of chemical analysis pioneered by Marie Curie in the course of purifying polonium and radium. Most substances are more soluble at a high temperature than a low. Make a strong boiling solution of a substance — for rock candy, for example, sugar in water — cool the solution, and at some point the substance will emerge out of solution to form pure crystals. Fractional crystallization further involves separating out of the same solution several different, chemically similar substances by taking advantage of their tendency to crystallize at different temperatures according to differences in their atomic weights, lighter elements crystallizing first.
4
