Cleopatra: A Life

23. “encouraged him and puffed him up”: Dio, XLIV.iii.1–2.

24. “from one to another”: Appian, II.117.

25. “bloodstained and cut”: Ibid., III.35.

26. “Run!”: Dio, XLIV.xx.3.

27. “the city looked as if”: ND, 25.

28. The Helen of Troy comparison: Cicero, “Philippic” 2.XII.55. Nor does C figure on Florus’s list of CR’s misdeeds, Book II.

29. “because they wished” to “as he pleased”: Dio, XLIV.vii.3–4.

30. “for the purpose of begetting”: Suetonius, citing an anonymous source, DJ, LII.

31. “taking with him the resources”: Ibid., LXXIX.

32. founder of the Roman Empire: Collins, 1959, 132.

33. “silly folk”: DJ, LVI.

34. “And so, every kind of man”: ND, 19.

35. “proud and thunderous” to “dirge-like”: Appian, II.144–6.

36. “almost the whole city”: Dio, XLV.xxiii.4–5.

37. bloodthirsty barbarians: For the Roman view of the “facile, fickle” (Dio, LI.xvii.1) Alexandrians, Reinhold, 1988, 227–8. Dio Chrysostom, “The 32nd Discourse”; Polybius, The Histories, XV.33; Philo (himself an Alexandrian), “Flaccus,” V.32–35. Philo thought his countrymen unmatched in their insubordination, “being constantly in the habit of exciting great seditions from very small sparks” (Flaccus, IV.16). The emperor Hadrian wrote off the Alexandrians as “a rebellious, good-for-nothing, slanderous people,” single-mindedly devoted to lucre. To Florence Nightingale, disembarking in 1849 and not at her enlightened best in Egypt, the Alexandrians were “the busiest and the noisiest people in the world,” November 19, 1849, cited in Gerard Vallee, ed., Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and Eastern Religions (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003), 144. For the Rome/Alexandria encounter, see also M. P. Charlesworth, “The Fear of the Orient in the Roman Empire,” Cambridge Historical Journal 2, no. 1 (1926): 9–16; and Jasper Griffin, Latin Poets and Roman Life (London: Duckworth, 1985).

38. “for they stood in awe”: Dio, XLIV.xv.2.

39. “I detest” to “have a spleen”: Cicero to Atticus, 393 (XV.15), c. June 13, 44 (translation modified).

40. “regulations, favours, and gifts”: Appian, II.133.

41. “an orgy of loot”: Hirtius to Cicero, cited in Cicero to Atticus, 386 (XV.6), c. June 44.

42. “There is a very large element”: Dio, XLV.viii.4.

43. “never showing its ordinary radiance”: JC, LXIX (ML translation).

44. “Who can adequately express”: VP, II.lxxv.

45. Visit of a sovereign: Plutarch, “Lucullus,” II.5. Herod too is escorted by the authorities to Alexandria, JW, I.279.

46. “Alexandria is home”: Cited in Siani-Davies, 2001, 105 (“Pro Rabirio Postumo,” 13.35). Regarding Alexandria, Cicero continues: “It is from its inhabitants that writers of farces draw all their plots.”

47. plenty of precedent: For example, Arrian, 6.28.3.

48. “There’s a common proverb”: Cicero to Plancus, 407 (X.20), May 29, 43.

49. “so utterly unsociable”: Plutarch, “Demetrius,” III.3.

50. Isis attire: Interview with Norma Goldman, October 19, 2009. Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante, The World of Roman Costume (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001); Dorothy Burr Thompson, 1973, 30; Elizabeth J. Walters, Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1988); Apuleius, Metamorphoses, XI.iii–iv.

51. Dendera: Goudchaux, “Cleopatra’s Subtle Religious Strategy,” 2001, 138–9; Bingen, 2007, 73; Kleiner, 2005, 85–8; Jan Quaegebeur, especially “Cleopatre VII et le temple de Dendara,” Gottinger Miszellen 120 (1991): 49–73. Nearly 1,900 years later Florence Nightingale visited Dendera. Generally she had little patience for the Ptolemies; she remained unimpressed by the “acres of bas-reliefs” and the miles of sculpture. The complex struck her as vulgar. “The earliest name which you find there is of that vile C,” she huffed, Vallee, 2003, 397. Nightingale certainly could not miss her; C appears no fewer than seventy-three times on the temple and chapel walls.

52. “I cannot describe”: Cited in Michael D. Calabria, ed., Florence Nightingale in Egypt and Greece (Albany: SUNY Press, 1997), 31.

53. On the Caesareum: Philo, “On the Embassy to Gaius,” C. D. Yonge, tr., The Works of Philo (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993), 150–1. See also Ferdinando Castagnoli, “Influenze alessandrine nell’urbanistica della Roma augustea,” Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica 109 (1981): 414–23; Ammianus Marcellinus, XXII.16.12.

54. intellectual revival: See Gabriele Marasco’s fine “Cleopatre et les sciences de son temps,” Sciences exactes et sciences appliquees a Alexandrie, Gilbert Argoud and others, eds. (1998): 39–53; Fraser, 1972, I, 87, 311–22, 363, 490.

55. contradicting himself: Seneca, Epistle LXXXVIII.37. See also Athenaeus, IV.139. For the book-forgetter, Quintilian, 1.8.20–1; Ammianus Marcellinus, XXII.16.16; H. A. Russell, “Old Brass-Guts,” Classical Journal 43:7, 1948, 431–2.

56. “intellectual stimulus”: Rawson, 1985, 81.

57. “rubbed until it sprouts”: Galen, cited by Ott, 1976, Appendix A, 33.

58. “all sorts of deadly” to “set one upon another”: MA, LXXI.

59. “great scientific curiosity” to “an actual embryo”: Cited in Ott, 1976, Appendix C, 35. Possibly another Queen C was intended. For C the scientist, see also Plant, 2004, 2–5, 135–47.

60. “that I always used”: Cited in Monica Green, 1985, 186. For C’s involvement with alchemy, see F. Sherwood Taylor, “A Survey of Greek Alchemy,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 50, I (1930): 109–39. The word alchemy—Arabic in origin—postdates C. It did not help that various alchemists published under the pen name Cleopatra. See Plant, 2004, 145.

61. “magic arts and charms”: Plutarch, MA, XXV.4 (ML translation).

62. “general malaise” to “hatred of evil”: April 12, 41, cited in Marie-Therese Lenger, Corpus des ordonnances des Ptolemees (Brussels: Palais des Academies, 1964), 210–5.

63. “No wild beast”: Plutarch, “Cicero,” XLVI.

64. “what humiliations”: Plutarch, “Cato the Younger,” XXXV.4 (ML translation).

65. “she had not been terrified”: Appian, V.8.

66. “the most aggressive of men”: Ibid., II.88. His violent temper was legendary. Appian adds that the Parthian mounted bowmen joined Cassius of their own volition, attracted by his reputation, IV.59.

67. Brutus’s stern reminder: Plutarch, “Brutus,” XXVIII.

68. “not only ruined everything”: Appian, V.8.

69. On Quintus Dellius: Seneca the Elder, Suasoriae, 1.8; JA, 14.394, 15.25; JW, 1.290; Seneca the Younger, De Clementia, I.x.1.

70. “had no sooner seen her face” to “kindest of soldiers”: MA, XXV (ML translation).

71. Hera in the Iliad: It is unclear whether Plutarch or Dellius invokes the Homeric comparison, Ibid.

72. “accompanied by a remarkable crowd”: Appian, III.12.

73. “a great halo”: Dio, XLV.iv.4.

74. “the butchery” to “craftily and patiently”: Appian, III.13–14.

75. “to stand behind me” to “other finery”: Ibid., III.15–17.

76. “all the prestige”: Florus, II.xv.2.

77. “that you in fact possess” to “good enough for me”: Appian, III.18–19.

78. The hostilities to be encouraged: Appian, III.21, 85; Dio, XLV.xi.3–4, XLVI.xl.4, XLVI.xli.1.

79. malign, blackmail, slander: Quintus Fufius Calenus, cited in Dio, XLVI.viii.3–4.

80. “I don’t trust his age”: Cicero to Atticus, 419 (XVI.9), November 4, 44.

81. “my wonderful Dolabella”: Cicero to Atticus, 369 (XIV.15), May 1, 44.

82. “No affection was”: Cicero to Dolabella, 371A (XIV.17A), May 3, 44.