1. R. G. Suny, ‘A Journeyman for the Revolution’, pp. 373–4.
2. Diskussionnyi Listok. Prilozhenie k Tsentral’nomu Organu ‘Sotsial-demokrat’ (Paris), 24 May/7 June 1910, pp. 26–7. He had probably written this before being arrested. A rejoinder by Noe Zhordania was included in the same issue, pp. 28–30.
3. Ibid., pp. 26–8.
4. Krasnyi arkhiv, no. 2 (1941), pp. 14 and 17–18.
5. A. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 109.
6. Pyatyi (londonskii) s”ezd RSDRP, p. 87.
7. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragodie Georgiens, p. 40.
8. Ibid., p. 39.
9. Ibid. David Machavariani, one of Joseph Dzhughashvili’s school friends, corroborated — after the Second World War — the deep effects of his wife’s death: J. Davrishewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, p. 35.
10. See above, chapter 1.
11. J. Iremaschwili, Stalin und die Tragodie Georgiens, p. 39.
12. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, p. 99.
13. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 1, pp. 314–15.
14. RGASPI, f. 71, op. 10, d. 275. See M. Kun, Stalin. An Unknown Portrait, p. 18 for a full account.
15. S. Talakvadze, K istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii, p. 118.
16. R. Brackman, The Secret File, pp. 133–5, 186–93 and 281–9.
17. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 67.
18. A. Gio, Zhizn’ podpol’nika, p. 67.
19. Ibid., p. 69.
20. Ibid., p. 70.
21. Ibid., pp. 70 and 72.
22. Ibid., p. 73.
23. J. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, pp. 174 and 199. Stalin also acknowledged to Kandide Charkviani that ‘exes’ were carried out by his party group: see p. 14 of his unpublished memoirs.
24. Davrichewy, Ah! Ce qu’on rigolait bien, pp. 175–6 and 188–9.
25. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 13, p. 222: interview with Emile Ludwig.
26. See above, pp. 36–7.
27. RGASPI, f. 332, op. 1, ed.kh. 53. This source was first discussed by M. Kun in Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, pp. 77–9.
28. See B. Nikolaevskii, ‘K istorii “Bol’shevistskogo Tsentra”’, vol. 1, p. 68: Nikolaevskii Papers, St Antony’s College Library, Oxford.
29. R. Arsenidze, Novyi zhurnal, no. 72 (1963), p. 232; Yu. Martov, Vpere d, no. 51, 31 March 1918; Pravda, 1 April 1918.
30. See the memoir by Semen Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
31. K. S. [I. V. Stalin], ‘Pis’mo s Kavkaza’, Diskussionnyi listok. Prilozhenie k Tsentral’nomu Organu ‘Sotsial-demokrat’, no. 2, 24 May/7 June 1910, pp. 26–7.
32. An [N. Zhordaniya], ‘Po povodu, Pis’ma s Kavkaza’, ibid., p. 28.
33. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 2, pp. 50–1.
34. The significance of this linguistic switch was first noted by A. Rieber, ‘Stalin, Man of the Borderlands’, p. 1676.
35. S. Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. See M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 98.
41. Ibid., pp. 115–17.
42. See the account of interviews conducted by L. Vasil’eva, Deti Kremlya, pp. 168–9 and 176.
8. At the Centre of the Party
1. See above, pp. 61 and 66.
2. N. Zhordaniya, Moya zhizn’, p. 53.
3. G. Uratadze, Vospominaniya gruzinskogo sotsial-demokrata, p. 234.
4. Vserossiiskaya Konferentsiya Ros. Sots.-Dem. Rab. Partii 1912 goda: see the introduction by R. C. Elwood, pp. xx–xxi.
5. See M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 130.
6. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 48, p. 53.
7. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 197.
8. deda ena (ed. Y. Gogebashvili: 1912 edn). The poem in question was ‘Morning’.
9. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 2, p. 219.
10. He had ceased to show his romantic aspect since leaving the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary: see above, pp. 40–1.
11. Easily the best work on the transmutation of Stalin’s political and ‘personal’ persona is A. Rieber’s ‘Stalin, Man of the Borderlands’, which highlights the artificial qualities of his self-representation from 1900 — and not just from 1912. My belief, though, is that Stalin after 1912, rather than becoming a sort of Russian, adopted a binational persona which at any given time might give emphasis either to the Russian or to the Georgian aspect.
12. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 48, p. 162. For the contents of the booklet, see below, pp. 96–100.
13. S. Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
14. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 115.
15. S. Vereshchak, ‘Stalin v tyur’me’.
16. Stalin related the story to A. E. Golovanov shortly before the 1943 Tehran Conference. Golovanov in turn related it to Felix Chuev: see Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 202.
17. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, p. 113.
18. Ibid., p. 115.
19. Ibid., p. 116.
20. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 22, pp. 207–9. The article was unpublished at the time.
21. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 16.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 301. He told a similar story to Kandide Charkviani: see his unpublished memoirs, p. 25.
25. N. Lenin, ‘Zametki publitsista’, p. 9.
26. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 4, d. 647, p. 432.
27. See below, p. 441.
