Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Encoding the Hemagglutinin Gene Associated with the 1997 H5N1 Outbreak in Poultry and Humans,”
213 geese and ducks exported from Guangdong: Yi Guan et al., “H5N1 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Geese in Southeastern China: Evidence for Genetic Reassortment and Interspecies Transmission to Ducks,”
213 duck meat exported from Shanghai: Terrence M. Tumpey et al., “Characterization of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza A Virus Isolated from Duck Meat,”
213 had repeatedly come back positive: H. Chen et al., “The Evolution of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Ducks in Southern China,”
213 China as the wellspring: H. Chen et al., “Establishment of Multiple Sublineages of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia: Implications for Pandemic Control,”
214 vaccinating their flocks against it: Debora MacKenzie, “Bird Flu Outbreak Started a Year Ago,”
214 an even riskier strategy: The account of amantadine use in Chinese poultry flocks is based on extensive interviews with animal-health experts and executives of pharmaceutical companies.
214 had become resistant to the drug: On amantadine resistance among some H5N1 variants, see K. S. Li et al., “Genesis of Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia,”
215 used the drug in poultry: Fu Jing, “Misuse of Antiviral on Poultry Must Stop,”
216 in a pair of Hanoi markets: Doan C. Nguyen et al., “Isolation and Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses, Including Highly Pathogenic H5N1, from Poultry in Live Bird Markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001,”
216 a new variant of the H5N1 virus: J. Wang et al., “Identification of the Progenitors of Indonesian and Vietnamese Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses from Southern China,”
216 how it decimated poultry: Interviews with animal health officials in Ha Tay and Vinh Phuc provinces.
216 Japfa’s annual corporate filings: PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk, Annual Report 2003; PT Multibreeder Adirama Indonesia Tbk, Annual Report 2003; and PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk, Annual Report 2004.
216 hushed up their findings: Karl Taro Greenfeld, “On High Alert,”
217 “the first signs of an epidemic”: Ibid.
217 first outbreak eventually confirmed: T. Delquigny et al., “Evolution and Impact of Avian Influenza Epidemic and Description of the Avian Production in Vietnam,” final report for FAO’s TCP/RAS/3010, Emergency Regional Support for Post Avian Influenza Rehabilitation (Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004).
218 at least three separate occasions: H. Chen et al., “Establishment of Multiple Sublineages of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia: Implications for Pandemic Control,”
218 the government had not responded: Ben Rowse, “Hospitalized Woman in Vietnam Tests Positive for Bird Flu,” Agence France Presse, Aug. 16, 2004.
218 were going unanswered: E-mail, Aug. 13, 2004.
218 “So basically, bugger all”: E-mail, Aug. 17, 2004.
218 “grave concerns”: Avian influenza update, WHO, Report from Hanoi office, Mar. 16, 2005.
218 they were flying blind: E-mail exchange between senior WHO officials in Geneva, Mar. 13, 2005.
220 widely praised by UN agencies: See, for example, FAO news release, “Once Hard Hit by Bird Flu, Vietnam Consolidates Progress,” Dec. 6, 2006; and WHO, “Successful Strategies in Controlling Avian Influenza,” INFOSAN Information Note no. 4/2006, Aug. 14, 2006.
220 called its performance “remarkable”: Comments from the U.S. Agency for International Development in appendix 2 of
220 “The situation is alarming”: “Vietnam Battles Three Bird Flu Outbreaks,” DPA (German Press Agency) article published in the
222 Their revelations hit the streets: Duc Trung and Hoai Nam, “Chances of Bird Flu to Break Out, Quarantine Papers Are Sold like Vegetables,”
222 spread to nearly one-third of Indonesia’s provinces: Remarks of Agriculture Minister Bungaran Saragih in Material of Consultative Meeting Between Minister of Agriculture and Commission III DPR on Avian Influenza, Jan. 29, 2004.
222 provenance of the Indonesian strain: J. Wang et al., “Identification of the Progenitors of Indonesian and Vietnamese Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses from Southern China,”
223 separate findings of a pathologist: Walujo Budi Priyono of the Disease Investigation Centre in Yogyakarta, quoted in FAO news release, “Virus Detective Work in Indonesia: The Case of the Mysterious Livestock Disease,” 2005.
223 “As of now, there are no findings”: Sofyan Sudrajat in
224 10 million chickens: “Death of 10 Million Laying Hens in Indonesia from Bird Flu,”
224 trade in poultry and poultry products: G. J. D. Smith et al., “Evolution and Adaptation of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Avian and Human Hosts in Indonesia and Vietnam,”
224 “Indonesia is a time-bomb”: “Indonesia Is a Bird-Flu Time-Bomb, Animal Health Chief,” Agence France Presse, Apr. 14, 2006.
225 She repeated her allegations: Agnes Aristiarini, “Fighting Against Bird Flu,”
225 because of party politics: “Avian Flu Expert Speaks Out,”
226 “the lack of a national strategy”: Katia Dolmadjian, “Animal Health Experts Discuss
