Good Calories, Bad Calories

a deficiency disease: Barker 1924.

“…use of vitamin-poor white flour…”: McCarrison 1961:64. McCarrison’s 1921 lecture: McCarrison 1922.

McCarrison’s research and observations: McCarrison 1961:23–26.

Enrichment of white flour in the United States: Levenstein 1993:22. In England: Davidson and Passmore 1963:269–70. “protective foods”: McCarrison 1922.

CHAPTER SIX:

DIABETES AND THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS

Epigraphs. “The consumption of sugar…”: Allen 1913:146–47. “Sugar and candies…”: Duncan 1935:59.

Hindu physicians: Trowell 1975a.

“This ancient belief…”: Allen 1913:147.

The leading authorities: Ibid.:148–49.

“in the absence…”: Ibid.:150.

“If he is a poor laborer…”: Ibid.:152.

Diabetes a disease of civilization, “the rich ones…”: Ibid.:148. Footnote. Donnison 1938:23–24.

British Medical Association symposium: Charles 1907.

Physicians increasingly diagnosed diabetes: Joslin et al. 1935.

At Johns Hopkins and Massachusetts General Hospital: Gale 2002. Death rate from diabetes: Emerson and Larimore 1924 (“It is apparent…”).

“synonymous”: Interview, Ronald Arky, former president of the ADA. Allen’s declining reputation: Bliss 1982:239.

Joslin on apple consumption: Emerson and Larimore 1924. Emerson countered: Ibid.

“A high percentage…” and “must stand in some relation”: Joslin 1923:145. A third factor: Joslin 1927.

“painstakingly accumulated”: White and Joslin 1959:70.

Joslin and Himsworth piggybacked: See White and Joslin 1959:70–71; Himsworth 1935; Joslin et al. 1934; Mills 1930. Joslin on insulin and leveling-off of mortality rates: Joslin et al. 1933. Footnote. Himsworth 1936.

Himsworth on insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Himsworth 1936.

“a smaller proportion of carbohydrate…”: Himsworth 1935:142.

“striking,” “The progressive rise…,” and “The diabetic mortality rate…”: Himsworth 1949a.

Himsworth on “…coloured races…”: Himsworth 1935:134–35.

Himsworth on Inuit: Ibid. 122–24. Diabetes among Alaskan Eskimos in 1956: Scott and Griffith 1957. Baffin Island study: Heinbecker 1928.

“fisherfolk” study: Mitchell 1930. “It would thus appear…”: Himsworth 1935.

In the 1946 and 1959 editions: Joslin et al. 1946:75–76; Joslin et al. 1959:70–71. Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus: Marble et al. 1971.

“Though the consumption of fat…”: Himsworth 1949b.

Cohen reported: Cohen 1963. “a significantly greater prevalence”: Cohen et al. 1961.

“The quantity of sugar…”: Ibid.

Prior studied Maoris: Prior et al. 1964.

Campbell’s research: Campbell’s testimony in Select Committee 1973a:208–18.

“remarkable difference…” and “country cousins”: Ibid.

Campbell’s surveys of Natal population: Campbell 1963; Cleave and Campbell 1966 (“veritable explosion…,” 25; numbers in India, 19–24; diabetes among Zulu, 34–35).

“a figure in many countries…” and “were enormously fat…”: Campbell in Select Committee 1973a:213.

Zulus eating excessive amounts of sugar: Campbell 1963.

Campbell’s research on sugarcane cutters: Truswell et al. 1971. “diabetes is virtually absent,” “huge output…,” and “…few occupations…”: Cleave and Campbell 1966:35. Later generations of diabetologists: Interview, Ron Arky.

“remarkably constant period…”: Campbell 1963. See also Cleave and Campbell 1966:46–49.

“acute excess”: White and Joslin 1959:70. Footnote. Joslin et al. 1946:76.

“related to sugar”: Cleave and Campbell 1966: iv.

“His ideas deserved…”: Quoted in Galton 1976:17.

Cleave was an outsider: See Wellcome Library n.d.

H. L. Cleave spent the war years: Galton 1976:15; Cleave 1962:68–70.