“Like a malignant tumor…”: Quoted in ibid.:978.
“obese boys in whom…”: Ibid.:980.
Grafe’s textbook: Grafe 1933. “more or less fully accepted”: Rony 1940:173–74. “…this conception deserves…”: Wilder and Wilbur 1938:310–11.
1955 German textbook chapter: Bahner 1955:1023–26. References from German literature: Rony 1940; Rynearson and Gastineau 1949.
Bauer’s articles in English: Silver and Bauer 1931; Bauer 1940; Bauer 1941. Newburgh’s seminal paper: Newburgh 1942.
“indubitable” and “is also probably present…”: Cahill 1978.
“significantly more weight”: Lee and Schaffer 1934. For a similar experiment, see Marx et al. 1942.
“These mice will make fat…”: Mayer 1968:48. Benedict reported this: discussed in Alonso and Maren 1955, which reported confirmation of the observation in a different strain of mice.
Greenwood’s Zucker rat studies: Greenwood et al. 1981.
Hypothalamic tumor in 1840: Brobeck 1946. Nicolaidis recounted: Interview, Stylianos Nicolaidis.
Hypothalamic research in its early years: See Brobeck et al. 1943; Magoun and Fisher 1980. Hetherington and Ranson resolved controversy: Hetherington and Ranson 1939.
Brobeck’s research: Brobeck et al. 1943 (“the laws of thermodynamics…,” 836).
Ranson interpreted: Hetherington and Ranson 1942 (“the tremendously decreased…”). “related to the feeding habits”: Brobeck et al. 1943:842.
Ranson argued: Hetherington and Ranson 1942:615.
“concertmaster…”: Anon. 1940.
Ranson studied fluid balance and diabetes insipidus: Fisher et al. 1938:1–2.
Hypothalamic lesions cause diabetes insipidus: Ibid.
“classic type of experimental obesities”: Mayer 1953a. Teitelbaum’s experience: Teitelbaum 1955; interview, Philip Teitelbaum (“Of course they overate…”).
Lesioning the lateral hypothalamus: Anand and Brobeck 1951. Ransom’s lab had reported: Magoun and Fisher 1980.
Hetherington did research for U.S. Air Force: Interview, John Brobeck. Later editions of Ranson’s textbook: See Ranson and Clark 1964:311.
Hypothalamus as regulator of eating
Brooks reported: Brooks 1946.
Brooks could only do so: Brooks 1946; Brooks and Lambert 1946 (“severe and permanent…,” 700; “followed by an augmentation…,” 707).
Studying hibernators: See Mrosovsky 1976.
Dietary models of obesity: Sclafani 1987 (high-sugar diets); Oscai et al. 1984 (high-fat). See also Wade 1982. Regaining weight after fasting: Levitsky et al. 1976. “It doesn’t matter…”: Interview, Irving Faust. Transgenic animals: See, for instance, Bluher et al. 2003; Cohen et al. 2002.
Removed ovaries from rats: For an excellent review of this work and the entire field of weight regulation and reproduction in mammals, see Wade and Schneider 1992. It was my interview with George Wade that opened my eyes to the reverse-causality hypothesis of weight gain.
“revelation”: Interview, George Wade. “The animals overeat and get fat…”: Interview, Tim Bartness.
“Hard living…retards…”: Darwin 2004:56. “Fertility is linked…,” “partitioning and utilization…,” and “reciprocal, redundant…”: Wade and Schneider 1992:235–36.
Newburgh still promoting his hypothesis: Newburgh 1948. “an excuse for avoidance…”: Rynearson and Gastineau 1949:42.
“being ruthless in self-criticism…”: Krebs 1967.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO:
THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS, II: INSULIN
Newburgh rejected “endocrine abnormality”: Newburgh, 1929 lecture, in Newburgh and Johnston 1930a. “theories that attributed obesity…”: Anon. 1955b.
Mayer pointed out: Mayer 1968:67–68.
Von Noorden suggested: Von Noorden, 1907c:61–62.
As early as 1923: Rony 1940:228.
Falta argued in pre-insulin era: Falta 1923:583–84. (“A functionally intact pancreas is necessary for fattening,” is more commonly translated as “For fattening, therefore, is necessary a functionally intact pancreas.”) Falta argued after insulin discovered: Rony 1940:289.
Clinicians in Europe using insulin: Grafe 1933:75–76. “rich in carbohydrates…”: Rony 1940:289–90. Insulin for depression and schizophrenia: See Rinkel and Himwich 1959. “all the patients gained weight”: Nasar 1998:293.
