God's War: A New History of the Crusades

24 Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91

The Later Crusades

25 The Eastern Crusades in the Later Middle Ages

26 The Crusade and Christian Society in the Later Middle Ages

Conclusion

Notes

Select Further Reading

Select List of Rulers

Index

List of Illustrations

1. Jerusalem and its environs c.1100 (Corbis/Uppsala University Library, Sweden/Dagli Orti)

2. Urban II consecrating the high altar at Cluny, October 1095 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Lat. 17716 Fol. 91])

3. Peter the Hermit leading his crusaders (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1500 Fol. 45v])

4. Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium 1081–1118 (Bridgeman Art Library)

5. The church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem idealized in later medieval western imagination (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1070 Fol. 5v])

6. The front cover of the Psalter of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1139])

7. Saladin: a contemporary Arab view (British Library, London)

8. The battle of Hattin, 4 July 1187: Saladin seizing the True Cross (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 26 Fol. 140])

9. Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, receiving a copy of Robert of Rheims’s popular history of the First Crusade (Scala, Florence)

10. Embarking on crusade, from the statutes of the fourteenth-century chivalric Order of the Knot (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 4274 Fol. 6])

11. Women helping besiege a city, as at the siege of Acre, 1190 (British Library, London [Ms 15268 Fol. 101v])

12. Joshua, in the guise of a Frankish knight, liberates Gibeon from the Five Kings, from an illuminated Bible c.1244–54 (Piermont Morgan Library/Scala, Florence)

13. Military orchestra of the kind employed by Turkish, Kurdish and Mamluk commanders (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Arabe 5847 Fol. 94])

14. Pope Innocent III (Scala, Florence)

15. Venice c.1300 (Bodleian Library, Oxford/The Art Archive [Bodley 264 fol. 218r])

16. Innocent III and the Albigensian Crusade (British Library, London [Ms Royal 16 GVI Fol. 347v])

17. Moors fighting Christians in thirteenth-century Spain (The Art Archive/Real Monasterio del Escorial, Spain/Dagli Orti)

18. A clash between Frankish and Egyptian forces outside Damietta, June 1218, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora c.1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 54v])

19. The capture of the Tower of Chains, August 1218, and the fall of Damietta, November 1219, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora c.1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)

20. Frederick II, emperor, king of Germany 1212–50 (AKG Images)

21. Louis IX of France captures Damietta, June 1249, from a manuscript produced at Acre c.1280 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 2628 Fol. 328v])

22. Outremer’s nemesis: mamluk warriors training (British Library, London [Ms Add 18866 Fol. 140])

23. Outremer’s nemesis: A Turkish cavalry squadron (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Arabe 5847 Fol. 19])

24. The battle of La Forbie, October 1244 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 170])

25. Matthew Paris imagines the Mongols as cannibalistic savages, Chronica Majora, c.1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 166])

26. The fall of Tripoli to the Mamluks, April 1289 (British Library, London [Ms Add 27695 Fol. 5])

27. Charles V of France entertains Charles IV of Germany during a banquet in Paris in 1378 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 2813 Fol. 473v])

28. Andrea Bonaiuti’s fresco ‘The Church Militant’, in Santa Maria Novella, Florence (Scala, Florence)

29. The failed Ottoman Turkish siege of Rhodes, 1480 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [Ms Lat. 6067 Fol. 80v])

30. Mehmed II the Conqueror, by Gentile Bellini, 1480/81 (National Gallery, London)

31. The battle of Lepanto, 1571 (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich)

List of Maps

1. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusade and Preaching Tour of Pope Urban II 1095– 6

2. Asia Minor and Syria 1097–99

3. The Siege of Antioch, October 1097–June 1098

4. Palestine 1099

5. The Siege of Jerusalem, June – July 1099

6. Syria in the Twelfth Century

7. Palestine and Egypt in the Twelfth Century

8. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the Second Crusade and Bernard’s Preaching Tour 1146–7

9. The Hattin Campaign, July 1187

10. Saladin Captures Jerusalem, September – October 1187

11. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the Third Crusade

12. Syria at the Time of the Third Crusade

13. The Siege of Acre 1189

14. Richard I Captures Cyprus, May 1191

15. Palestine with the Campaigns of 1191–2

16. Europe and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century

17. Constantinople at the Time of the Fourth Crusade

18. Languedoc, France and the Albigensian Crusade

19. The Spanish Reconquista

20. The Baltic