God's War: A New History of the Crusades

60. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 102.

61. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122–3; E. Blochet, ‘Extraits de l’histoire des patriarches d’Alexandrie relatifs au siege de Damiette’, Revue de l’Orient Latin, II (1908), 260.

62. Letter trans. Peters, Christian Society, p. 141. Cf. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 150, 152; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.

63. As emphasized by Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.

64. See the convenient table, Powell, Anatomy, p. 117 and the discussion pp. 166–72 and 187.

65. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 107–8, perhaps somewhat ben trovato.

66. As revealed by James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 106; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 65 is modestly reticent.

67. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 257.

68. Powell’s guess, Anatomy, p. 148.

69. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–8.

70. RHC Occ., ii, 336.

71. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122, 125; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 261.

72. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–8 and 260.

73. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 108.

74. The gloom on the Ayyubid side is well captured by Ibn al-Athir, no friend to the dynasty, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–61.

75. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 114, figures based on those from the ‘estimators of the army’.

76. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 105.

77. Above note 54 and Kedar, Crusade and Mission, passim.

78. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 85–6; Blochet, ‘Histoire des patriarches’, p. 253; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 341–2; James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 124– 5; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260. Cf. Ernoul, p. 435.

79. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 262; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.

80. See the end of the first section, addressed to Cologne, finished soon after the fall of Damietta in November 1219, Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.

81. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 141.

82. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 135, 139; cf. William of Tyre, History, bk V, chap. 10.

83. For these prophetic works and the rumours of ‘David’ and ‘Prester John’, Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 89–91, 112–14; James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 141–53; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260; P. Pelliot, ‘Deux passages de la La Prophetie de Hanna, fils d’Isaac’, Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Memoires, 44 (1951), 73–96; cf. J. Richard, ‘L’Extreme-Orient legendaire au moyen age’, Orient et Occident (Paris 1976), no. XXVI; Mayer, Crusades, p. 226; Powell, Anatomy, pp. 178–9.

84. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 264.

85. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, quoted by Powell, Anatomy, p. 196. For a survey of other reactions, see Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 34–5, 85–6, 102–3, 107–8, 152–3, 165, 193.

86. John of Tubia, De Johanne Rege Ierusalem, Scriptores Minores, ed. Rohricht, pp. 138–9; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 346, 348–9. Oliver of Paderborn provides a highly sanitized account, pp. 95–7.

87. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 104.

88. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 101–2, 103–4; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 347, 349; Ernoul, in Rohricht Testimonia Minora, 300–301.

89. Van Cleve, ‘Fifth Crusade’, pp. 422–8; Powell, Anatomy, pp. 180–91. Cf. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 114–34, and the letters recorded by Roger of Wendover, trans. pp. 142–5; Eracles, RHC Occ. ii, 350–52; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 261–6.

90. Peters, Christian Society, p. 144; cf. a similar image Oliver of Paderborn, p. 123.

91. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 132.

92. See below pp. 745–7.

93. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 99–101.

94. Although some resistance to further preaching was recorded in Germany, H. Hoogeweg, ‘Die Kreuzzpredigt des Jahres 1224’, Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaft, 4 (1890), 72–3.

20: Frontier Crusades 1: Conquest in Spain

1. Trans. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 27.

2. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40.

3. In general, see now J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003); for the myth, P. Linehan, History and the Historians in Medieval Spain (Oxford 1993).

4. R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992), a very accessible introduction, esp. pp. 35–8, based on R. W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, Mass. 1979).

5. The central study of the crusade bulls from the eleventh to the twentieth century is J. Goni Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada (Vitoria 1958).

6. As in R. I. Burns, The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass. 1967) and his other pioneering works on the region.

7. See texts quoted by O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 5.

8. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 185–7.

9. Quoted, Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 75.

10. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 82–5.

11. D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings (Princeton 1985); for a corrective view of Spain and holy war, Bull, Knightly Piety.

12. Trans. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 99.

13. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, pp. 100–110; idem, The Quest for El Cid (London 1989).

14. Trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 8, 30.

15. A. Ubieto Arteta, Coleccion diplomatica de Pedro I de Aragon y Navarra (Zaragoza 1951), p. 115 note 9.

16. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 24 and note 6, p. 228; in general, R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 37 (1987), 31–47.

17. The phrase is R. Menendez Pidal’s, La Espana del Cid