within the United States; Unfettered (1902); and The Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist (1905). Griggs's racial and political views are detailed in Wisdom's Call (1911) and Guide to Racial Greatness (1923).
A. B. Guthrie (1901-) Alfred Bertram Guthrie, Jr. was born in Indiana, grew up in Montana, and graduated from Montana State University (1923) before moving to Kentucky, where he was a journalist for twenty years. His first novel was The Big Sky (1947); he won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1950 for The Way West (1949). The story of westward migration is continued in These Thousand Hills (1956).
Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961) Samuel Dashiell Hammett was born in Connecticut. His experiences as a Pinkerton detective in San Francisco provided background ma-781- terial for a new kind of crime writing, the 'hard-boiled' school of detective fiction, exemplified in The Maltese Falcon (1930), which featured the tough, cynical Sam Spade. In 1932 Hammett published The Thin Man, introducing the witty, urbane Nick Charles to the canon of famous fictional detectives. Other major works include Red Harvest and The Dain Curse (both 1929) and The Glass Key (1931). While working as a scriptwriter during the era of the Hollywood 'blacklist,' Hammett was called before the House Committee on Un- American Activities; his refusal to testify resulted in a prison sentence.
John Hawkes (1925-) Born in Stamford, Connecticut, Hawkes was reared and educated in New England, graduating from Harvard University in 1949. Hawkes has taught at a number of prestigious institutions, including Harvard, MIT, and Brown. Hawkes's fiction explores phenomena that seem at odds with his well-bred background. He is always aware of the horror that hovers beneath conventional life. His works include The Cannibal (1949), The Beetle Leg (1951), The Goose on the Grave and The Owl (1954), The Lime Twig (1961), Second Skin (1964), The Personal Voice (1964), Innocence in Extremis (1984), and Whistlejacket (1988).
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-64) Descended from Major William Hathorne, one of the original Puritan settlers of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, where another of his ancestors, Major Hathorne's son John, had been one of the judges during the Salem witchcraft trials. At Bowdoin College, Hawthorne was a classmate of Franklin Pierce, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Horatio Bridge. In 1841 he participated briefly in an experimental utopian community, Brook Farm, which provided material for The Blithedale Romance (1852). In 1842 he married Sophia Peabody, with whom he had three children, and in 1846 he was appointed surveyor at the Salem Custom House, which figures in his introductory essay to The Scarlet Letter. He lost this position in 1849 owing to a change of administrations. However, with the publication of The Scarlet Letter-782- in 1850, his literary reputation was firmly established. Hawthorne was a reclusive man, but his work and his character drew many admirers, among them Herman Melville, who was a regular visitor while Hawthorne was working on The House of the Seven Gables (1851), and who dedicated Moby-Dick to him. His campaign biography of Pierce (1852) won him the consulship at Liverpool. He resigned in 1857, and traveled through France to Rome. The Marble Faun (1860) was the last novel completed before his death on May 19, 1864. Hawthorne's allegorical characters and symbolic mode were tools in an ongoing exploration of the human conscience; his short stories helped to establish the genre and, with his novels, are among the classics of American literature.
Lafcadio Hearn (1850–1904) Hearn was born in Greece, attended school in France and England, and came to the United States in 1869. He worked as a reporter in Cincinnati, New Orleans, and New York. In 1884 he published his first book, Stray Leaves from Strange Literature, translations from Théophile Gautier. His fascination with Oriental literature and the exotic led to Some Chinese Ghosts (1887), and his travels for Harper's resulted in Two Years in the French West Indies (1890). In 1890 he sailed for Japan, never to return. There he obtained a teaching job, married, and, under the name Koizumi Yakumo, became a Japanese citizen. During the remainder of his life he wrote extensively about his adopted home.
Joseph Heller (1923-) Heller was born and educated in Brooklyn, New York. He later attended Columbia University and then worked in the theater and television. During World War II, Heller served in the United States Army Air Force and later satirized his experiences in Catch-22 (1961). A writer of plays and fiction, Heller turned to teaching. Heller has emerged as a major parodic force in American literature. His works include Something Happened (1974), Good as Gold (1979), God Knows (1984), No Laughing Matter (1986), and Picture This (1988). -783-
Ernest Hemingway (1898–1961) Born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of a doctor with a fondness for fishing and camping, Hemingway worked briefly as a journalist and then volunteered as an ambulance driver for the Italian front in World War I. Hemingway was severely wounded, an experience that informed much of his subsequent fiction. Befriended by Gertrude Stein in postwar Paris, Hemingway became a part of the literary group that would later be characterized as the 'Lost Generation.' He gave voice to this generation in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Structured around the masculine pursuits of bullfighting, hunting, fishing, boxing, and war, Hemingway's novels often project the sometimes ironic image of the warrior-writer. Hemingway's life resembled his fiction; sojourns in Paris, Spain, Africa, Cuba, and finally Idaho are reflected in his books. Suffering from depression, alcoholism, and suspected mental illness, Hemingway shot himself through the head, using the same shotgun that his father had used to commit suicide years before. Hemingway's many works include A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), The Old Man and the Sea (1953), and the posthumously published Garden of Eden (1985).
Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins (1859–1930) Hopkins was born in Portland, Maine, but grew up in Boston, where she attended public school. She was an actress, singer, and playwright as well as a novelist and short-story writer, editor, and essayist. Her first novel was Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South (1900). Three other novels (Hagar's Daughter [1901-2]; Winona [1902]; Of One Blood [1902-3]) were serialized in The Colored American Magazine.
Paul Horgan (1903-) Born in Buffalo, New York, Horgan grew up there and in New Mexico, and much of his fiction is set in the Southwest. His devout Catholicism sets the tone for many of his works, including the trilogy composed of Things as They Are (1964), Everything to Live For (1968), and The Thin Mountain Air (1977). He won a Pulitzer Prize -784- for his history of the Rio Grande (Great River [1954]) and for his biography of a pioneer bishop, Lamy of Santa Fe (1975).
William Dean Howells (1837–1920) Howells was born in Martin's Ferry, Ohio, and as a boy worked in his father's printing office. What Howells lacked in formal education (he had very little) he made up in diligent self-application both in and out of the printing office. His campaign biography of Abraham Lincoln (1860) won him an appointment as United States consul at Venice (1861-65). In Paris in 1862 he married Elinor Meade; they returned to the United States in 1865, where Howells associated himself first with the New York Times and The Nation, then in 1866 with the Atlantic Monthly, where he was editor in chief from 1872 until 1881. During this time and afterward, in his long association with Harper's
