The Columbia History of the American Novel

Wright. Wright is best known as the founder of the Nashoba Community in Tennessee (a model community where slaves were allowed to earn their freedom), for her volume Views of Society and Manners in America (London, 1821), and for her association with the radical New York journal, the Free Enquirer. She also produced a play (Altorf [1819]), the fictional tale A Few Days in Athens (1822), and was a popular — or notorious — public speaker (Course of Popular Lectures [1829]).

Richard Wright (1908-60)

Born near Natchez, Mississippi, Wright created fiction that reflected the problems of growing up black in a highly prejudiced community. His character Bigger Thomas is an expression of the African American experience. Wright's most famous book, Native Son (1940), was followed by numerous other works, notably the autobiographical Black Boy (1945), as well as Uncle Tom's Children (1938), The Outsider (1953), Savage Holiday (1954), The Long Dream (1958), and Eight Men (1961). -820-

Selected Bibliography of Critical Works

Aaron Daniel. The Hyphenate Writer in American Letters.' Smith Alumnae Quarterly (July 1964): 213-17.

Abzug Robert H., and Stephen E. Maizlish, eds. New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stamp. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1986.

Achebe Chinua. Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays. New York: Doubleday, 1988.

Aldiss Brian. Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973.

Alegría Fernando. Nueva historia de la novela hispanomericana. Hanover, N.H: Ediciones del norte, 1986.

Allis Jeanette B. West Indian Literature: An Index to Criticism, 1930–1975. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981.

Alter Robert. Partial Magic: The Novel as a Self-Conscious Genre. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

Althusser Louis. 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Towards an Investigation.' 1969; rpt. in Lenin and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971.

American Quarterly 39.1 (Spring 1987). [Special Issue: Modernist Culture in America. Ed. Daniel Joseph Singal.]

Ammons Elizabeth. Conflicting Stories: American Women Writers at the Turn into the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Andrews William L. To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of AfroAmerican Autobiography, 1760–1865. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

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Ash Roberta. Social Movements in America. Chicago: Markham Publishing Company, 1972.

Ashcroft Bill, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature. New York and London: Routledge, 1989.

Atwood Margaret. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi, 1972.

Baker Houston A., Jr. Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

--- 'Handling Crisis: Great Books, Rap Music, and the End of Western Homogeneity.' Callalo 13.2 (1989): 173 -94.

--- Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Baker Houston A., Jr., ed. Three American Literatures: Essays in Chicano, Native American, and Asian- American Literature for Teachers of American Literature. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1982.

Bakhtin Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination. Ed. Michael Holquist; trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.

--- Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson. Theory and History of Literature Series, vol. 8. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.

Barbrook Alec, and Christine Bolt. Power and Protest in American Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.

Bardes Barbara, and Suzanne Gossett. Declarations of Independence: Women and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990.

Barth John. 'The Literature of Exhaustion' and 'The Literature of Replenishment.' In The Friday Book: Essays and Other Nonfiction, pp. 62–78, 193–206. New York: G. P. Putnam's Son's, 1984.

Baudrillard Jean. Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

Baugh Edward, ed. Critics on Caribbean Literature. London: Allen & Unwin, 1978.

Baym Nina. 'Melodramas of Beset Manhood: How Theories of American Fiction Exclude Women Authors.' American Quarterly 33 (Summer 1981): 123-39.

--- Novels, Readers, and Reviewers: Responses to Fiction in Antebellum America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984.

--- The Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976.

--- Woman's Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America, 1820–1870. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978.

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Behr Edward. 'The Muckraker's Contribution to Naturalistic StoryTelling.' In Seminaires 1978, pp. 83–92. Ed. Jean Beranger, Jean Cazemajou, Pierre Spriet. Talence, France: Centre de Recherches sur l'Amé rique Anglophone, Université de Bordeaux III, 1979.

Bell Bernard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987.

Bell Michael Davitt. The Development of American Romance: The Sacrifice of Relation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Bennett Tony, ed. Popular Fiction: Technology, Ideology, Production, Reading. New York and London: Routledge, 1990.

Benstock Shari. Women of the Left Bank: Paris: 1900–1940. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.

Benstock Shari, ed. The Private Self: Theory and Practice in Women's Autobiographical Writings. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Bercovitch Sacvan, ed. Reconstructing American Literary History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.

Berg Barbara J. The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism: The Woman and the City, 1800–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Bhabha Homi. 'Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.' October 28 (1984): 125- 34.

Billington Ray. The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism. 1938; rpt. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1964.

Bingham Edwin R., and Glen A. Love, eds. Northwest Perspectives: Essays on the Culture of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979.

Blanco José Joaquín. Función de medianoche: Ensayos de literatura cotidiana. Mexico: Ediciones Era, 1981.

Bloom Harold, ed. American Fiction 1914–1945. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.

Boase Paul H., ed. The Rhetoric of Protest and Reform, 1878–1898. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1980.

Boelhower William. Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.