[1530]
[1540]
John Milton, 400 Years Of 'Justifying God To Man'
by Tom Vitale
John Milton's Paradise Lost celebrates the 400th anniversary of the birth of John Milton (1608–1674) with an exhibition drawn from the Morgan's collection of the English poet's work, which includes the only surviving manuscript of Paradise Lost. This manuscript of the first book of Milton's epic, transcribed and corrected under the direction of the blind poet, was used to set the type for the first printing of the poem in 1667. Copies of the first and later editions of the poem, including the first edition of Milton's work printed in the United States, are also on view. The exhibition also features Albrecht Dürer's engraving The Fall of Man, William Blake's Milton: Old Age, Richard Westall's watercolor depiction of Satan, and a rarely seen miniature portrait of Milton.
Dec. 9 marks the 400th anniversary of the birth of John Milton, and fans around the world are celebrating with literary events, exhibits and readings of his epic poem Paradise Lost.
At Cambridge University — where Milton studied at Christ's College — the faculty of the English department reads the entire text of Paradise Lost — all 10,000 lines — in a 12-hour, continuous live Webcast.
In New York City, preservationists at the Morgan Library have disbound a portion of the only handwritten manuscript of the poem that survives from the 1660s and displayed the loose pages in a hushed exhibition space.
Declan Kiely, the curator of the Morgan Library's exhibit, says it's a once-in-a-lifetime display.
'You'll never have another opportunity to see as many openings as there are here,' says Kiely. 'It's a 33-page manuscript, and you can see eight pages in the exhibition.'
Scholar William Kerrigan, the editor of the Modern Library's Complete Poetry and Essential Prose of John Milton, says there's plenty to celebrate.
'[Milton] was a very great poet, a great mythmaker. He was an interesting man, politically — one of the first European intellectuals to argue in favor of divorce on the grounds of lack of spiritual companionship,' says Kerrigan. 'He published the first book devoted to censorship. All of this, along with some of the greatest poetry in the history of the world.'
Milton's masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is an unrhymed poem in iambic pentameter that chronicles the biblical fall of man and covers creation, the great battle of the angels, original sin and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Kerrigan calls it the greatest work of its kind in the English language:
'It has great cosmic vistas. It describes gods and monsters,' he says. 'And the sublimity of its subject matter is matched by the sustained beauty of its language.'
At the Morgan Library, Kiely says people have 'almost genuflected' in front of this manuscript: 'There's a great sense of reverence in the room whenever I visit it,' says Kiely. 'Last week, we played a recording of the first 26 lines to a group that was visiting, recited by Actor Mark Rylance… [and] everyone bowed their head as if they were in church.'
Paradise Lost is more remarkable for the way it was created: When Milton began writing the poem in 1658, he had been blind for four years. He recited the entire work to an assistant, 40 lines each morning for five years, says William Kerrigan. When the secretary was late, Milton was said to have grumbled around the house, 'I want to be milked. I want to be milked.'
'So he was, day after day, packet after packet,' says Kerrigan. 'And we have, as a result, this extraordinarily beautiful poem. It's a great act of human heroism that it was ever created.'
A rare first American edition of Paradise Lost is included in the Morgan Library exhibit. It was published in 1777, one year into the American Revolution. Kiely says that Milton opposed the monarchy in England — and that the founding fathers read him.
'His theories of republicanism, of the people's right to overthrow a magistrate, or a king, or any ruler if they were not carrying out the will of the people, was directly influential on the Constitution of this country,' says Kiely.
Among other contributions Milton made to our culture are new words: He coined the phrase 'self-esteem' in a prose essay, and the hundreds of words in Paradise Lost, including 'pandemonium' — which literally means 'the place of all the demons.'
And Milton, who visited Galileo in 1638, was also the first writer to ever use the word 'space,' in the sense of 'outer space,' to consider the infinite scope of the universe. As he wrote in Book 8 of Paradise Lost:
