mucosa and the lacrimal gland travel in the nervus intermedius and the greater superficial petrosal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). These fibers synapse in the pte—rygopalatine ganglion, which is located in the pterygopa— latine fossa. Postganglionic fibers traveling to the mucous glands of the nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, hard and soft palate, and the lacrimal gland follow branches of V2 and in some cases V1, to reach their destinations.
New words
anatomical – анатомический
respiratory system – дыхательная система
head – голова
neck – шея
nasal cavities – носовые впадины
the perpendicular plate – перпендикулярная пластина
ethmoid – решетчатый
septal – относящийся к перегородке
nasal conchae – носовой раковина
paranasal – параносовой
sinuses – пазухи
nasolacrimal – назолакримальный
duct – трубочка
drain – проток
tears – слезы
orbit – орбита
maxillary – верхнечелюстной
bulla – булла
40. Pharynx and related areas
The pharynx is a passageway shared by the digestive and respira tory systems. It has lateral, posterior, and medial walls through out, but is open interiorly in its upper regions, communicating with the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. The anterior wall of the laryngopharynx is formed by the larynx. The pharyngeal wall con sists of a mucosa, a fibrous layer, and a muscularis, which is com posed of an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer.
Nasopharynx is the region of the pharynx located directly poste rior to the nasal cavity. It communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae.
The torus tubarius is the cartilaginous rim of the auditory The pharyngeal recess is the space located directly above and behind the torus tubarius; it contains the nasopharyn—geal tonsil. The salpingopharyngeal fold is a ridge consisting of mucosa and the underlying salpingopharyngeus muscle.
Oropharynx is the region of the pharynx located directly posterior to the oral cavity. It communicates with the oral cavity through a space called the fauces. The fauces are bounded by two folds, consisting of mucosa and muscle, known as the anterior and posterior pillars.
The tonsillar bed is the space between the pillars that houses the palatine tonsil.
Laryngopharynx is the region of the pharynx that surrounds the larynx. It extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the cricoid car tilage. Its lateral extensions are known as the piriform recess.
Oral cavity: the portion of the oral cavity that is posterior to the lips and anterior to the teeth is called the vestibule. The oral cavi ty proper has a floor formed by the mylohyo—id and geniohyoid muscles, which support the tongue. It has lateral walls, consisting of the buccinator muscles and buccal mucosa, and a roof formed by the hard palate an teriorly and the soft palate posteriorly. Its posterior wall is absent and is replaced by an opening to the oropharynx, which is flanked by the pillars of the fauces.
The palate separates the nasal and oral cavities.
Hard palate is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal palate of the palatine bone. Its mu—cosa is supplied with sensory fibers from CN V2.
Soft palate consists of a fibrous membrane, the palatine aponeurosis, covered with mucosa. The portion that hangs down in the midline is the uvula.
The tongue is a mobile, muscular organ necessary for speech. It is divisible into an anterior two—thirds and a posterior one—third by the sulcus terminalis.
Muscles of the tongue. These include the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles (i. e., palatoglossus, stylogiossus, hyo—glos – sus, genioglossus). All of the muscles are innervated by CN XII except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by CN X. Arterial supply: The tongue is supplied by the lingual branch of the external carotid aitery.
Venous drainage. The lingual veins, which lie on the un—der—surface of the tongue, drain to the internal jugular veins.
Lymphatic drainage. The tip of the tongue drains to the submental nodes, and the remainder of the anterior two—thirds drains first to submandibular, then to deep cervical nodes. The posterior one—third drains directly to deep cer—vi cal nodes.
New words
digestive – пищеварительный
pharyngeal – глоточный
mucosa – слизистая оболочка
fibrous layer – волокнистый слой
posterior nasal apertures – задние носовые апертуры
nasopharyngeal tonsil – миндалина
41. Oral cavity
The oral cavity forms in the embryo from an in—pocketing of the skin, stomodeum; it is, thus, lined by ectoderm. Functionally, the mouth forms the first portion of both the digestive and respiratory systems.
In humans the margins of the lips mark the junction between the outer skin and the inner mucous lining of the oral cavity. The roof of the mouth consists of the hard palate and, behind this, the soft palate which merges into the oropharynx. The lateral walls consist of the distensible cheeks. The floor of the mouth is formed principally by the tongue and the soft tissues that lie between the two sides of the lower jaw, or mandible.
The tongue, a muscular organ in the mouth, provides the sense of taste and assists in chewing, swallowing, and speaking. It is firmly anchored by connective tissues to the front and side walls of the pharynx, or throat, and to the hyoid bone in the neck.
The posterior limit of the oral cavity is marked by the fauces, an apperture which leads to the pharynx. On either side of the fauces are two muscular arches covered by mu—cosa, the glossopalatine and pharyngopalatine arches; between them lie masses of lymphoid tissue, the tonsils. Hiese are spongy lymphoid tissues composed mainly of lymphocytic cells held together by fibrous connective tissue. Suspended from the posterior portion of the soft palate is the soft retractable uvula. The palate develops from lateral folds of the primitive upper jaw. The hard palate, more anterior in position, underlies the nasal cavity. The soft palate hangs like a curtain between the mouth and nasal pharynx.
The hard palate has an intermediate layer of bone, supplied anteriorly by paired palatine processes of the maxil lary bones, and posteriorly by the horizontal part of each palate bone. The oral surface of the hard palate is a mucous membrane covered with a stratified squ—amous epithelium. A submucosal layer contains mucous glands and binds the membrane firmly to the periosteum of the bony component. Above the bone is the mucous membrane that forms the floor of the nasal cavity.
The soft palate is a backward continuation from the hard palate. Its free margin connects on each side with two folds of mucous membrane, the palatine arches, enclosing a palatine tonsil. In the midline the margin extends into a fingerlike projection called uvula. The oral side of the soft palate continues as the covering of the hard palate, and the submucosa contains mucous glands. The intermediate layer is a sheet of voluntary muscle.
Besides separating the nasal passages from the mouth, the hard palate is a firm plate, against which the tongue manipulates food. In swallowing and vomiting the soft palate is raised to separate the oral from the nasal portion of the pharynx. This closure prevents food from passing upward into the nasopharynx and nose.
New words
mouth – рот
