intercostal muscles.
These muscles are separated from the internal intercostal muscles by intercostal nerves and vessels.
Subcostalis portion: Fibers extend from the inner surface of the angle of one rib to the rib that is inferior to it.
Fibers may cross more than one intercostal space, Transversus tho-racis portion: Fibers attach posteriorly to the sternum. Fibers cross more than one intercostal space.
Internal thoracic vessels, branches of the subclavian arteries, run anterior to these fibers. Intercostal structures
Intercostal nerves: there are 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 11 intercostal pairs, and 1 subcostal pair.
Intercostal nerves are the ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. These nerves supply the skin and musculature of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
Intercostal arteries: there are 12 pairs of posterior and anterior arteries, 11 intercostal pairs, and 1 subcostal pair.
Anterior intercostal arteries.
Pairs 1-6 are derived from the internal thoracic arteries.
Pairs 7-9 are derived from the musculophrenic arteries.
There are no anterior intercostal arteries in the last two spaces; these spaces are supplied by branches of the pos terior intercostal arteries.
Posterior intercostal arteries: the first two pairs arise from the superior intercostal artery, a branch of the costocervical trunk of the subcla vian artery.
Nine pairs of intercostal and one pair of subcostal arter ies arise from the thoracic aorta.
Intercostal veins: Anterior branches of the intercostal veins drain to the internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins.
Posterior branches drain to the azygos system of veins.
Lymphatic drainage of intercostal spaces: anterior drainage is to the internal thoracic (parasternal) nodes.
Posterior drainage is to the paraaortic nodes of the poste rior mediastinum.
New words
thoracic – грудной
wall – стенка
below – под
sternum – грудина
clavicle – ключица
xiphisternal – грудинный
true – правдивый
false – фальшивый
groove – углубление
above – над
anteriorly – раньше
intercostal – межреберный
subcostal – подкостный
portion – часть
transversus – поперечный
musculophrenic – мышечный грудобрюшной
paraaortic – парааортальный
mediastinum – средостение
Запомните следующее застывшее словосочетание.
I to watch _ TV
Если перед существительным стоит вопросительное или относительное местоимение, артикль опускается.
E. g. What colour is your cat?
I want to know what _ book you are reading.
Заполните пропуски, где необходимо.
1. My… aunt and my… uncle are… doctors.
2. They work at… hospital.
3. They get up at seven o'clock in… morning.
4. They go to… bed at eleven o'clock.
5. I work in… morning and in. after noon.
6. I don't work in… evening. I sleep at… night.
7. When do you leave… home for… school?
8. I leave… home at… quarter past eight in… morning.
9. What does your mother do after… breakfast?
10. She goes to… work.
11. Is there… sofa in your… living-room?
12. Yes, there is… cosy little… sofa in… living-room.
13. Where is… sofa? – It is in… corner of… room to… left of… door.
14. I like to sit on this… sofa in… front of… TV-set in… evening.
15. There is… nice coffee-table near… window.
16. There are… newspapers on… coffee-table.
17. There is… tea in… glass.
18. When do you watch… TV? – I watch TV in… evening.
19. We have… large colour TV-set in our… room.
20. There is. beautiful vase on… TV-set. There are… flowers in… vase.
Answer the questions.
1. How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
2. What does each rib articulate with?
3. What does the manubrium articulates with?
4. With how many ribs does the body articulates directly?
5. How many pairs of ribs are there?
6. How are termed ribs 1-7?
7. How are termed ribs 8-10?
8. How are classified ribs 11-12?
9. How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
10. What does intercostal nerves supply?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 15. Blood
Blood is considered a modified type of connective tissue. Mesoder-mal in origin, it is composed of cells and cell frag ments (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), fibrous proteins (fibrinogen – fibrin during clotting), and an extracellular amorphous ground substance of fluid and proteins (plasma). Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body and waste materials away from cells to the kidney and lungs. It also contains cellular elements of the immune system as well as humoral factors. This chapter will discuss the differ ent elements of blood and the processes by which they are formed.
Formed elements of the blood
The formed elements of the blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are important in trans porting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and in returning carbon dioxide to the lungs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide carried in the RBC combine with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin, respectively.
Mature erythrocytes are denucleated, biconcave disks with a diameter of 7-8 mm. The biconcave shape
