smooth – гладкий
may – может
Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания.
In a loud voice In a low voice In an angry voice In a thin voice
Заполните пропуски, где необходимо.
1. She shouted in. low voice.
2. He told us the poem in. loud voice.
3. The children asked ice-cream in. thin voice.
4. The teacher cried at the pupils in. angry voice.
5. Bill Robins was… very rich man.
6. He was. richest man in. village.
7. Pete is… tallest boy in our class.
8. Nick is… shortest boy, but he is very strong.
9. He is… stronger than many boys who are taller than he.
10. I think Nick is… strongest boy in class.
Перед превосходной степенью прилагательных употребляется определенные артикль.
E. g. Asia is the largest continent.
My brother is the best pupil in his class.
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. Bill Robins was… very rich man. He was… richest man in… village.
2. Pete is… tallest boy in our class. Nick is… shortest boy, but he is very strong.
3. He is… stronger than many boys who are taller than he.
4. I think Nick is… strongest boy in class.
5. Granny often tells us… long stories. Today her story was still… longer.
6. It was… longest story. She began telling it after… dinner and finished it before… supper.
7. But… story was very interesting. I think it was… most interesting of Granny's stories.
8. Which was… most difficult exercise in. test-paper?
9. Which is… best season of the yea?
10. February is… shortest month of the year.
Answer the questions.
1. How are arteries classified?
2. What do large elastic conducting arteries include?
3. What is the tunica intima composed of?
4. What does an internal elastic membrane mark?
5. Is the tunica media thick?
6. Is the tunica adventitia a longitudinally oriented collection of col-lagenous bundles?
7. With what do the tunica adventitia associated?
8. What are muscular distributing arteries?
9. Up to how many layers of smooth muscle may occur?
10. What is the media composed of?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 19. Capillaries
Capillaries are thin-walled, narrow-diameter, low-pressure vessels that generally permit easy diffusion across their walls. Most capillar ies have a cross-sectional diameter of 7-12 mm. They are composed of a simple layer of endothelium, which is the lining of the entire vas cu-lar system, and an underlying basal lamina. They are attached to the surrounding tissues by a delicate reticulum of collagen. Associated with these vessels at various points along their length are specialized cells called pericytes. These cells, enclosed within their own basal lamina, which is continuous with that of the endothelium, contain contractile proteins and thus may be involved in the control of capillary dynamics. They may also serve as stem cells at times of vascular repair. Capillaries are generally divided into three types, according to the structure of their endothelial cell walls.
Continuous (muscular, somatic) capillaries are formed by a single uninterrupted layer of endothelial cells rolled up into the shape of a tube and can be found in locations such as connective tissue, muscle, and nerve.
Fenestrated (visceral) capillaries are characterized by the presence of pores in the endothelial cell wall. The pores are covered by a thin diaphragm (except in the glomeruli of the kidney) and are usually encountered in tissues where rapid substance interchange occurs (e. g., kidney, intestine, endocrine glands).
Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in the liver, hematopoietic and lymphopoietic organs, and in certain endocrine glands. These tubes with discontinuous endothelial walls have a larger diame ter than other capillaries (up to 40 mm), exhibit irregular cross-sec tional profiles, have more tortuous paths, and often lack a con tinuous basal lamina. Cells with phagocytic activity (macrophages) are present within, or just subjacent to, the endothelium.
New words
capillaries – капилляры
to thin-walled – окруженный тонкой стеной
narrow-diameter – узкий диаметр
low-pressure – низкое давление
that – тот
generally – главным образом
permit – разрешение
easy – легкий
diffusion – распространение
cross-sectional – поперечный
to be composed – быть составленным
simple – простой
endothelium – эндотелий
lining – выравнивание
entire – весь
vas cular – сосудистый
underlying – лежащий в основе
basal – основной
lamina – тонкая пластинка
Правила употребления артикля с географическими названиями.
Определенный артикль употребляется перед названиями рек, каналов, морей, заливов, проливов, океанов, архипелагов, горных цепей.
Артикль не употребляется перед названиям озер, гор, островов, континентов, городов, стран. Исключения:
the United States of America
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the Netherlands the Ukraine the Crimea the Congo
Answer the questions.
1. Describe capillaries: how do they like?
2. What diameter do the most capillaries have?
3. What are the capillaries composed of?
4. Where are the capillaries attached to?
5. What are pericytes?
6. What do pericytes contain?
7. Where can pericytes be involved?
