7.. in this work was too difficult for me.
8… of their answers were excel lent.
9..of their conversation was about the in stitute.
10. There are… new pictures in this room.
Answer the questions.
1. How many cartilaginous rings support the trachea?
2. What is the trachea continuous with?
3. What does mucosa of the trachea consist of?
4. What does the lamina propria contain?
5. With help of what is the outer edges of the lamina propria defined by?
6. What does submucosa consist of?
7. How are cartilage rings shaped?
8. What covers the cartilage rings?
9. What does adventitia consist of?
10. How do short extrapulmanory segments of the primary bronchi exist?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Make the sentences of your own using
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1) a) vein; b) mucosa; c) trachea;
2) a) mucosa; b) organ; c) submucosa;
3) a) nerve; b) bone; c) organ;
4) a) brain; b) reflex; c) vertebra;
5) a) vision; b) eye; c) ear.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 32. Respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles are areas of transition (hybrids) between the conducting and respiratory portions of the airways. In addi tion to the typical bronchiolar epithelium of the terminal bron chioles, these passageways contain outpouchings of alveoli, which comprise the respiratory portion of this system.
Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory bronchioles.
Respiratory bronchioles branch to form two to three alveolar ducts, which are long sinuous tubes.
Alveolar sacs are spaces formed by two or more conjoined alveoli. They are lined by the simple squamous alveolar epithe lium. Alveoli are the terminal, thin-walled sacs of the respiratory tree that are responsible for gas exchange. There are approximately 300 million alveoli per lung, each one 200-300 mm in diameter. Blood-air interface. Oxygen in the alveoli is separated from hemoglobin in the red blood cells of alveolar capillaries by five layers of membrane and cells: the alveolar epithelial cell (api cal and basal membranes) and its basal lamina, the basal lami na of the capillary and its endothelial cell (basal and apical membranes), and the erythrocyte membrane. The total thick ness of all these layers can be as thin as 0,5 mm.
Alveolar epithelium contains two cell types. Type I cells completely cover the alveolar luminal surface and provide a thin surface for gas exchange. This simple squamous epithelium is so thin (-25 nm) that its details are beyond the resolution of the light microscope.
Type II cells are rounded, plump, cuboidal-like cells that sit on the basal lamina of the epithelium and contain mem brane-bound granules of phospholipid and protein (lamel lar bodies). The contents of these lamellar bodies are secreted onto the alveolar surface to provide a coating of surfactant that reduces alveolar surface tension.
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are found on the surface of the alveoli.
Derived from monocytes that extravasate from alveolar capillaries, alveotar macrophages are part of the mononu – clear phagocyte system. Dust cells, as their name implies, continuously remove parti cles and other irritants in the alveoli by phagocytosis.
New words
respiratory bronchioles – дыхательные бронхиолы
transition – переход hybrids – гибриды
respiratory portions – дыхательные части
airways – воздушные трассы
in addition – кроме того
bronchiolar – бронхиолярный
terminal bron chioles – предельные бронхиолы
passageway – проходы
tocomprise – включить
branch – ветвь
ducts – трубочки
sinuous tubes – извилистые трубы
to be lined by – быть выровненным
simple – простой
thin-walled – окруженный тонкой стеной sacs – мешочки
respiratory tree – дыхательное дерево
responsible – ответственный
approximately – приблизительно
hemoglobin – гемоглобин
apical – апикальный basal – основной
Мало:
Переведите на английский язык следующие пары слов.
Мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало яблок, мало окон, мало бумаги, мало кофе, мало статей, мало радости, мало супу, мало деревьев, мало травы, мало детей, мало игрушек, мало света, мало парт, мало колбасы, мало сока, мало книг, мало цветов, мало соли, мало друзей, мало дворцов.
Вставьте little или few.
1. I have… time.
2. He has. English books.
3. There is. in my pen. Have you got anytink?
4. There aren't… bear in the zoo.
5. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very. clothes.
6. There is too… soup in my plate.
7. The. children returned from the wood very sad.
8. There is too. light in the room.
9. There are very. people in the room.
10. There are. vegetables in the basket.
Answer the questions.
1. What are respiratory bronchioles?
2. Between what are there areas of respiratory bronchi?
3. What the passageways xontain?
4. What comprises the respiratory portion of the system?
5. What bronchioles give to respiratory bronchioles?
6. What are long sinuous tubes?
7. What are alveolar sacs?
8. How are alveolar sacs lined by?
