Вредно для несовершеннолетних

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 47 (September 18, 1998): 749-52.

78. Abma et al., 'Fertility, Family Planning, and Women's Health.'

79. It is important to point out that, in spite of these declines, nearly two-thirds of teen births resulted from unintended pregnancies. Abma et al., 'Fertility, Family Planning, and Women's Health.'

80. 'Adolescent Sexual Health in the U.S. and Europe—Why the Difference?' Advocates for Youth fact sheet, Washington, D.C., 2000.

81. Schemo, 'Virginity Pledges by Teenagers.'

82. It is impossible to find a forthright statement that abstinence-plus education meaningfully delays teen sexual intercourse. Its evaluators have been able to find out only that, for instance, if you want to delay intercourse, you should start classes before kids start 'experimenting with sexual behaviors.' And all studies show that sex ed does not encourage earlier intercourse. J. J. Frost and J. D. Forrest, 'Understanding the Impact of Effective Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Programs,' Family Planning Perspectives 27 (1995): 188-96; D. Kirby et al., 'School Based Programs to Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors: A Review of Effectiveness,' Public Health Reports 190 (1997): 339-60; A. Grunseit and S. Kippax, Effects of Sex Education on Young People's Sexual Behavior (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993).

83. S. Zabin and M. B. Hirsch, Evaluation of Pregnancy Prevention Programs in the School Context (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath/Lexington Books, 1988); Institute of Medicine, The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and Well-Being of Children and Families (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995).

6. Compulsory Motherhood

1. This law, the first gate to open in the gradual spilling away of federally protected abortion rights, was reauthorized in every subsequent Congress; its constitutionality was upheld three times. In 1993, after a long battle, it was 'liberalized' to add exceptions for rape and incest. But while the government paid for a third of abortions from 1973 to 1977, it now pays for almost none. Marlene Gerber Fried, 'Abortion in the U.S.: Barriers to Access,' Reproductive Health Matters 9 (May 1997): 37-45.

2. Ellen Frankfort and Frances Kissling, Rosie: Investigation of a Wrongful Death (New York: Dial Press, 1979).

3. 'Who Decides? A State-by-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights,' 10th ed., National Abortion Rights Action League report, Washington, D.C, 2001.

4. By the 1990s, more than 80 percent of clinics were regularly picketed by anti-abortion activists. Ann Cronin, 'Abortion: The Rate vs. the Debate,' New York Times, February 25, 1997, 'Week in Review,' 4.

5. The agency reported at least fifteen bombings and arson attacks at clinics each year from 1993 through 1995, seven in 1996, and one in Atlanta in 1997 that injured six people. Rick Bragg, 'Abortion Clinic Hit by 2 Bombs; Six Are Injured,' New York Times, January 17, 1997.

6. Jim Yardley and David Rohde, 'Abortion Doctor in Buffalo Slain; Sniper Attack Fits Violent Pattern,' New York Times, October 25, 1998, A1.

7. Alan Guttmacher Institute, 'Into a New World: Young Women's Sexual and Reproductive Lives,' Executive Summary (New York: the institute, 1988).

8. Women ages eighteen to twenty-four are about twice as likely to have abortions as women in the general population. Stanley K. Henshaw and Kathryn Kost, 'Abortion Patients in 1994-1995: Characteristics and Contraceptive Use,' Family Planning Perspectives 28 (1996): 140-47, 158.

9. Robert Pear, 'Provision on Youth Health Insurance Would Sharply Limit Access to Abortion,' New York Times, July 3, 1997.

10. About twenty-six million have legal abortions yearly, and an estimated twenty million have illegal ones, ending about half of all unplanned pregnancies. Alan Guttmacher Institute News, January 21, 1999.

11. Estimated rates ran from one in ten to almost one in two, and among Kinsey's unmarried informants, 90 percent of those who got pregnant procured abortions. Lawrence Lader, Abortion (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), 64-74; Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 48-49; Brett Harvey, The Fifties: A Women's Oral History (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 24.

12. 'Abortion Common among All Women Even Those Thought to Oppose Abortion,' Alan Guttmacher Institute press release, 1996.

13. Cronin, 'Abortion: The Rate vs. the Debate.'

14. In a New York Times-CBS poll in 1998, half of respondents thought abortion was too easy to get; as compared with 1989, fewer people felt that an interrupted career or education was an acceptable reason to get an abortion; and only 15 percent believed abortion was acceptable in the second trimester. '[P]ublic opinion has shifted notably away from general acceptance of legal abortion and toward an evolving center of gravity: a more nuanced, conditional acceptance that some call a 'permit but discourage' model.' Carey Goldberg with Janet Elder, 'Public Still Backs Abortion, but Wants Limits, Poll Says,' New York Times, January 16, 1998, A1.

15. Jennifer Baumgartner, 'The Pro-Choice PR Problem,' Nation (March 5, 2001): 19-23.

16. Naomi Wolf, 'Our Bodies, Our Souls: Rethinking Pro-Choice Rhetoric,' New Republic (October 16, 1995): 26-27.

17. Janet Hadley, 'The 'Awfulisation' of Abortion,' paper presented to the Abortion Matters conference, Amsterdam, March 1996.

18. 'Abortion Common . . . ,' Guttmacher Institute.

19. Nation columnist Katha Pollitt is one of the few who has defended the morality of abortion.

20. See, for example, Vincent M. Rue, 'The Psychological Realities of Induced Abortion,' in Post- Abortion Aftermath: A Comprehensive Consideration, ed. Michael T. Mannion (Franklin, Wis.: Sheed and Ward, 1994). The antichoice group Operation Rescue has widely distributed Focus on the Family's pamphlet Identifying and Overcoming Post-Abortion Syndrome, by Teri K. and Paul C. Reisser (Colorado Springs: Focus on the Family, revised 1994).

21. 'Abortion Study Finds No Long-Term Ill Effects on Emotional Well-Being,' Family Planning Perspectives 29 (July/August 1997): 193; Jane E. Brody, 'Study Disputes Abortion Trauma,' New York Times, February 12, 1997, C8.

22. 'Researchers Document Flaw in Research Linking Abortion and Breast Cancer,' Reproductive Freedom News 20 (December 20, 1996), quoting Journal of the National Cancer Institute (December 4, 1996).

23. Rebecca Stone and Cynthia Waszak, 'Adolescent Knowledge and Attitudes about Abortion,' Family Planning Perspectives 24 (Narcg 1992): 53.

24. Stone and Waszak, 'Adolescent Knowledge and Attitudes.'

25. Connecticut, Michigan, and Rhode Island, to name three, forbade discussion of abortion as a reproductive health method; South Carolina allowed discussion of the procedure but only its negative consequences. 'Sexuality Education in America: A State-by-State Review,' National Abortion Rights Action League report, Washington, D.C., 1995. Under the federal abstinence-only regulations, of course, abortion may not be mentioned.

26. Sex Respect Student Workbook, 95.

27. On the tonsillectomy comparison, see 'Safety of Abortion,' National Abortion Rights Action League fact sheet, Washington, D.C., undated, received 1998; and Review of Fear-Based Programs, SIECUS Community Action Kit, 1994: 6. On the shot of penicillin comparison, see Margie Kelly, 'Legalized Abortion: A Public Health Success Story,' Reproductive Freedom News (June 1999): 7.

28. Girls Incorporated, Taking Care of Business: A Sexuality Education Program for Young Teen Women Ages 15-18 (Indianapolis: Girls Inc., 1998), vol. 6, 1-6.

29. Sex Can Wait (Santa Cruz, Calif.: ETR Associates, 1998), 290.

30. Peggy Brick and Bill Taverner, The New Positive Images: Teaching Abstinence, Contraception and Sexual Health, 3d ed. (Morristown, N.J.: Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey,