Technology for Nonviolent Struggle

Quoted in Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial- Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 238.

14.

Joseph O’Connell, “Metrology: the creation of universality by the circulation of particulars,” Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 1, February 1993, pp. 129-173. Andreas Speck gives the additional example that standards for German roads and airport runways — such as the width and the strength of the base — are set by military criteria.

15.

Daniel S. Greenberg, The Politics of Pure Science (New York: New American Library, 1971); Gregory McLauchlan, “The advent of nuclear weapons and the formation of the scientific-military- industrial complex in World War II,” in Gregg B. Walker, David A. Bella and Steven J. Sprecher (eds.), The Military-Industrial Complex: Eisenhower’s Warning Three Decades Later (New York: Peter Lang, 1992), pp. 101-127.

16.

On university-military links, see Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Vol. 502, March 1989; David Dickson, The New Politics of Science (New York: Pantheon, 1984), chapter 3; Jonathan Feldman, Universities in the Business of Repression: The Academic-Military-Industrial Complex and Central America (Boston: South End Press, 1989); Daniel S. Greenberg, The Politics of Pure Science (New York: New American Library, 1971); Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Christopher Simpson (ed.), Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences During the Cold War (New York: New Press, 1998); Clark Thomborson, “Role of military funding in academic computer science,” in David Bellin and Gary Chapman (eds.), Computers in Battle — Will They Work? (Boston: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987), pp. 283-296.

17.

Bruno Vitale, “Scientists as military hustlers,” in Issues in Radical Science (London: Free Association Books, 1985), pp. 73-87.

18.

David Cortright, Peace Works: The Citizen’s Role in Ending the Cold War (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 179-186; Steve Nadis, “After the boycott: how scientists are stopping SDI,” Science for the People, No. 20, January-February 1988, pp. 21-26.

19.

Alan D. Beyerchen, Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977). I thank Mary Cawte for mentioning this reference.

20.

On scientists as a reserve labour force see Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).

21.

Eric Schatzberg, “Ideology and technical choice: the decline of the wooden airplane in the United States, 1920-1945,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 1994, p. 34-69.

22.

James William Gibson, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986).

23.

Vincent Mosco, “The military information society and ’star wars’,” in The Pay-Per Society: Computers and Communication in the Information Age (Toronto: Garamond, 1989), pp. 131-172, also published in revised form as “Strategic offence: star wars as military hegemony,” in Les Levidow and Kevin Robins (eds.), Cyborg Worlds: The Military Information Society (London: Free Association Books, 1989), pp. 87-112.

24.

Paul N. Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).