RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 50–54; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 11. 166, 199–201; ‘Doktor Mandt o poslednikh nedeliiakh imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha (iz neizdannykh zapisok odnogo priblizhennogo k imperatoru litsa)’, Russkii arkhiv, 2 (1905), p. 480.
48
Poslednie minuty i konchina v bozhe pochivshego imperatora, nezabvennogo i vechnoi slavy dostoinogo Nikolaia I (Moscow, 1855), pp. 5–6; ‘Noch’ c 17-go na 18 fevralia 1855 goda: Rasskaz doktora Mandta’, Russkii arkhiv, 1 (1884), p. 194; ‘Nekotorye podrobnosti o konchine imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha’, Russkii arkhiv, 3/9 (1906), pp. 143–5; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 233.
49
See e.g. V. Vinogradov, ‘The Personal Responsibility of Emperor Nicholas I for the Coming of the Crimean War: An Episode in the Diplomatic Struggle in the Eastern Question’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), p. 170.
50
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 178.
51
Ibid., pp. 20–21.
CHAPTER 10. CANNON FODDER
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 2 Mar.
2
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimee et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 312.
3
F. Charles-Roux, Alexandre II, Gortchakoff et Napoleon III (Paris, 1913), p. 14.
4
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, ed. G. Gooch, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 160–61; Lady F. Balfour, The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.
5
H. Verney, Our Quarrel with Russia (London, 1855), pp. 22–4.
6
G. B. Henderson, ‘The Two Interpretations of the Four Points, December 1854’, in id., Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays (Glasgow, 1947), pp. 119–22; The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 3, pp. 65–6.
7
P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 256–77.
8
P. Jaeger, Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56 (Milan, 1991), p. 245; C. Thoumas, Mes souvenirs de Crimee 1854–1856 (Paris, 1892), p. 191.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5855, 11. 36–7.
10
H. Bell, Lord Palmerston, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 125; Hansard, HC Deb. 21 May 1912, vol. 38, p. 1734; C. Bayley, Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6 (Montreal, 1977).
11
F. Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army (London, 1999), p. 243.
12
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 1–4, 14, 18–19, 22–8.
13
C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 182– 4.
14
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 9 Apr. 1855.
15
FO 881/1443, Clarendon to Cowley, 13 Apr. 1855; Stratford to Clarendon, 11 June 1855; Longworth to Clarendon, 10 June, 2 and 26 July 1855; FO 881/547, Brant memo on Georgia, 1 Feb. 1855; L. Oliphant,
