the Indo-Europeans (London: Thames and Hudson, 1989). Sources on the Russian expansion across Siberia are George Lantzeff and Richard Pierce, Eastward to Empire (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1973), and W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent (New York: Random House, 1994). As for Native American languages, the majority view that recognizes many separate language families is exemplified by Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, The Languages of Native America (Austin: University of Texas, 1979). The opposing view, lumping all Native American languages other than Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene languages into the Amerind family, is presented by Joseph Greenberg, Language in the Americas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), and Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, vol. 1 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). Standard accounts of the origin and spread of the wheel for transport in Eurasia are M. A. Littauer and J. H. Crouwel, Wheeled Vehicles andRidden Animals in the Ancient Near East (Leiden: Brill, 1979), and Stuart Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport (London: Thames and Hudson, 1983). Books on the rise and demise of the Norse colonies in Greenland and America include Finn Gad, The History of Greenland, vol. 1 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1971), G. J. Marcus, The Conquest ofthe North Atlantic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), Gwyn Jones, The Norse Atlantic Saga, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), and Christopher Morris and D. James Rackham, eds., Norseand Later Settlement and Subsistence in the North Atlantic (Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1992). Two volumes by Samuel Eliot Morison provide masterly accounts of early European voyaging to the New World: The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500-1600 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) and The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, A.D. 1492-1616 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974). The beginnings of Europe's overseas expansion are treated by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Explorationand Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492 (London: Macmillan Education, 1987). Not to be missed is Columbus's own day-by-day account of history's most famous voyage, reprinted as 454' FURTHER READINGS Oliver Dunn and James Kelley, Jr., The Diario of Christopher Columbus'sFirst Voyage to America, 1492-1493 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989). As an antidote to this book's mostly dispassionate account of how peoples conquered or slaughtered other peoples, read the classic account of the destruction of the Yahi tribelet of northern California and the emergence of Ishi, its solitary survivor: Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961). The disappearance of native languages in the Americas and elsewhere is the subject of Robert Robins and Eugenius Uhlenbeck, Endangered Languages (Providence: Berg, 1991), Joshua Fishman, Reversing Language Shift (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1991), and Michael Krauss, 'The world's languages in crisis,' Language 68:4-10 (1992). Chapter 19 Books on the archaeology, prehistory, and history of the African continent include Roland Oliver and Brian Pagan, Africa in the Iron Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), Roland Oliver and J. D. Page, A Short History of Africa, 5th ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), J. D. Page, A History of Africa (London: Hutchinson, 1978), Roland Oliver, The African Experience (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991), Thurs-tan Shaw et al., eds., The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns (New York: Routledge, 1993), and David Phillipson, African Archaeology, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Correlations between linguistic and archaeological evidence of Africa's past are summarized by Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky, eds., The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982). The role of disease is discussed by Gerald Hart-wig and K. David Patterson, eds., Disease in African History (Durham: Duke University Press, 1978). As for food production, many of the listed further readings for Chapters 4-10 discuss Africa. Also of note are Christopher Ehret, 'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia,' Journal of African History 20:161-77 (1979); J. Desmond Clark and Steven Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers: TheCauses and Consequences of Food Production in Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Art Hansen and Delia McMillan, eds., FURTHERREADINGS • 455 Food in Sub-Saharan Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986); Fred Wen-dorf et al., 'Saharan exploitation of plants 8,000 years b.p.,' Nature 359:721-24 (1992); Andrew Smith, Pastoralism in Africa (London: Hurst, 1992); and Andrew Smith, 'Origin and spread of pastoralism in Africa,' Annual Reviews of Anthropology 21:125-41 (1992). For information about Madagascar, two starting points are Robert Dewar and Henry Wright, 'The culture history of Madagascar,' Journalof World Prehistory 7:417-66 (1993), and Pierre Verin, The History of Civilization in North Madagascar (Rotterdam: Balkema, 1986). A detailed study of the linguistic evidence about the source for the colonization of Madagascar is Otto Dahl, Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1991). Possible musical evidence for Indonesian contact with East Africa is described by A. M. Jones, Africaand Indonesia: The Evidence of the Xylophone and Other Musical and Cultural Factors (Leiden: Brill, 1971). Important evidence about the early settlement of Madagascar comes from dated bones of now extinct animals as summarized by Robert Dewar, 'Extinctions in Madagascar: The loss of the subfossil fauna,' pp. 574-93 in Paul Martin and Richard Klein, eds., Quaternary Extinctions (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984). A tantalizing subsequent fossil discovery is reported by R. D. E. MacPhee and David Burney, 'Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Madagascar,' Journal of Archaeological Science 18:695-706 (1991). The onset of human colonization is assessed from paleobotanical evidence by David Burney, 'Late Holocene vegetational change in Central Madagascar,' Quaternary Research 28:130-43 (1987). Epilogue Links between environmental degradation and the decline of civilization in Greece are explored by Tjeerd van Andel et al., 'Five thousand years of land use and abuse in the southern Argolid,' Hesperia 55:103-28 (1986), Tjeerd van Andel and Curtis Runnels, Beyond the Acropolis: ARural Greek Past (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), and Curtis Runnels, 'Environmental degradation in ancient Greece,' Scientific American 272(3):72-75 (1995). Patricia Fall et al., 'Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East: A record of paleovegetation and human disturbance,' Pp. 408-27 in Julio Betancourt et al., eds., Packrat Middens (Tucson: Uni- 4 5 6
