28 GFK National War College lecture, “Where Are We Today?” December 21, 1948, p. 8, GFK Papers, 299:19; Minutes, Policy Planning Staff meeting, March 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 10.
29 Draft Working Paper, “United States Policy Toward Communism,” March 8, 1949, PPS Records, Box 8, “Communism 1947–51” folder. One of the few scholarly evaluations of the Davies-Adams paper is Selverstone, Constructing the Monolith, pp. 122–25.
30 PPS minutes, April 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 12.
31 For a recent overview of American anticommunism, see Morgan, Reds. Truman’s campaign attacks on Wallace are discussed in Hamby, Man of the People, pp. 453– 54.
32 Acheson to U.S. embassy in Belgrade, February 25, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 873; Willard Thorp memorandum of Acheson conversation with Paul Hoffman, February 19, 1949, ibid., p. 872; Johnson-Acheson meeting memorandum, July 21, 1949, ibid., p. 909; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State Records, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13; Eban Ayers Diary, September 15, 1949, Ayers Papers, Box 27, “Diary, 1949” folder.
33 GFK to Acheson, April 19, 1949 (drafted by Robert Joyce), PPS Records, Box 33, “Chronological 1949” folder; PPS/54, “Policy Relating to Defection and Defectors from Soviet Power,” June 29, 1949, in PPS Papers, III, 80; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13.
34 GFK to John Paton Davies, December 6, 1984, GFK Papers, 10:12 (emphases in the original). Kennan wrote Davies after receiving a query from the historian Bruce Cumings, who seemed “very anxious to stage an academic-journalistic coup” by showing that the CIA had planned assassinations “under the influence of the diabolic State Department. Since you and I appear to be almost the only survivors of that period who had anything to do with OPC, I would like to nip this firmly in the bud.” The fullest account of Pash’s activities is in Simpson, Blowback, pp. 152–55, which sees them as providing a justification for subsequent confirmed CIA assassination plots, but does not contradict what Kennan claimed in his letter to Davies.
35 Robert Joyce to Carlton Savage, April 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 12–13; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13; Acheson memorandum, conversation with Bevin, September 14, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 316: GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 23. Corke, U.S. Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy, especially pp. 55, 75, 84, makes the case for GFK’s culpability in the Albanian fiasco; for a less accusatory view, see Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 207–9.
36 PPS/59, “United States Policy Toward the Soviet Satellite States in Eastern Europe,” August 25, 1949, in PPS Papers, III, 130, 134. See also GFK Diary, October 4, 1949.
37 PPS/59, August 25, 1949, in PPS Papers, III, 133. For Stalin’s purges in Eastern Europe, see Mastny, Cold War and Soviet Insecurity, pp. 72–74; Aldrich, Hidden Hand, pp. 172–79; and, for post-Stalin developments, Gaddis, Cold War: A New History, pp. 104–15.
38 NSC 34/2 (based on PPS/39/2), February 28, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, IX, 494–95; Acheson executive session testimony, March 18, 1949, U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Historical Series, p. 30; Jacob Beam memorandum, Acheson-Bevin conversation, April 4, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, VII, 1140–41.
39 Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners, pp. 33–34; Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism, pp. 167–68.
40 Acheson to Truman, July 30, 1949, as published in The New York Times, August 6, 1949; Beisner, Dean Acheson, pp. 187–88. For GFK’s suggestions on what Acheson should have said—not greatly different from what he did say—see GFK to Jessup, July 29, 1949, PPS Records, Box 33, “Chronological 1949” folder.
41 PPS/53, “United States Policy Toward Formosa and the Pescadores,” July 6, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, IX, 356–64; GFK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 6; Davies interview, December 8, 1982, p. 8. Theodore Roosevelt, of course, never did anything like this.
42 Davies to GFK, December 12, 1984, GFK Papers, 10:12; Rusk interview, p. 4. I have discussed the “defensive perimeter” strategy and the Taiwan independence movement in Long Peace, pp. 73–81; but see also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 233–34.
43 GFK lecture, Fourth Joint Orientation Conference, September 19, 1949, GFK Papers, 299:30.
44 Minutes, PPS meeting, May 18, 1949, PPS Records, Box 32.
45 Minutes, PPS meeting, June 8, 1949, ibid.
46 Minutes, PPS meeting, June 13, 1949, ibid.
47 Jebb to GFK, April 7, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, IV, 290–91.
48 Minutes, PPS meeting, June 13, 1949, PPS Records, Box 32; Thompson interview, pp. 6–7. Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 281–84, discusses the thoroughness with which GFK approached this problem.
49 Tufts interview, p. 6. For more on the use of consultants, see Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 283–84.
50 PPS/55, “Outline: Study of U.S. Stance Toward Question of European Union,” July 7, 1949, in PPS Papers, III, 82–100.
51 GFK Diary, July 18, 1949; GFK, Memoirs, I, 456–57.
52 Nitze interview by Wright, October 2, 1970; Nitze interview, December 13, 1989, p. 7; Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pp. 85–86. See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 286–87; and the biographical information in Thompson, Hawk and the Dove.
