TWENTY-THREE ? PROPHET OF THE APOCALYPSE: 1968–1980

1 GFK memorial service address, February 25, 1967, GFK Papers, 264:10; GFK interview by Labalme, August 30, 1989, p. 3: GFK, Russia, the Atom and the West, p. 50. See also Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, pp. 3–5; and “600 at a Service for Oppenheimer,” New York Times, February 26, 1967.

2 GFK interview, September 4, 1984, pp. 21–22; “Global Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945–2006,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62 (July–August 2006), 66. GFK’s early views on containment are discussed in Chapters Twelve and Thirteen, above.

3 Schlesinger interview, p. 6. Kennan’s elections are reported in The New York Times, January 28, 1965, and December 9, 1967. For the history of the Academy, see its website, at www.artsandletters.org/about_history.php, accessed November 2010.

4 GFK Diary, December 21, 1967; GFK opening address, American Academy of Arts and Letters and National Institute of Arts and Letters, May 28, 1968, GFK Papers, 265:8.

5 GFK Diary, undated but August 1968, also October 4, 1968; Henry Raymont, “Kennan Book Recalls 1938– 1939 Crisis,” New York Times, August 25, 1968; “Kennan Decries Talk of Detente,” ibid., September 22, 1968.

6 GFK to JEK, October 31, 1968, JEK Papers.

7 GFK Diary, May 6, 1966, November 7 and December 4, 1968.

8 “Kennan Analysis Coolly Received,” New York Times, December 4, 1968; “A Hit and Myth Gathering of Intellectuals,” ibid., December 8, 1968; Walter Goodman, “Liberal Establishment Faces: The Blacks, The Young, The New Left,” New York Times Magazine, December 29, 1968. Excerpts from Kennan’s speech ran in the December 4, 1968, issue of The New York Times.

9 GFK to JEK, September 21/22, 1968, JEK Papers; GFK interview by Labalme, August 30, 1989, pp. 13–14; George Urban, “From Containment to. . . Self-Containment: A Conversation with George F. Kennan,” Encounter 47 (September 1976), 43.

10 GFK Diary, March 6 and 29, 1969.

11 GFK to JEK, January 31, 1969, JEK Papers; Crossman Diary, January 31, 1969, in Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, pp. 353–54. I owe this reference to Wilson D. Miscamble, C.S.C.

12 GFK, Marquis de Custine, p. 124.

13 GFK, “Interview with George F. Kennan,” conducted by Charles Gati and Richard Ullman, Foreign Policy 7 (Summer 1972), 5–21; GFK Diary, October 12, 1969. See also Bernard Gwertzman, “Kennan Now Advocates Closer Ties with Soviet,” New York Times, May 28, 1972.

14 GFK to Kissinger, September 19, 1973, GFK Papers, 26:11. See also the transcript of a GFK-Kissinger telephone conversation, September 14, 1973, Kissinger Telephone Conversations KA 10845, Digital National Security Archive.

15 “Kennan Decries Talk of Detente,” New York Times, September 22, 1968; GFK, “Between Earth and Hell,” New York Review of Books, March 21, 1974; Robert and Evgenia Tucker interview, September 4, 1984, pp. 11–16.

16 GFK interview, October 31, 1974, pp. 6–7. See also GFK Diary, March 9, 1973. I have discussed the analogies between the Nixon-Kissinger strategy and Kennan’s concept of five vital power centers in Strategies of Containment, pp. 278–79.

17 “Kennan Says ABM Could Peril Talks,” New York Times, February 7, 1970. See also GFK, Nuclear Delusion, pp. xxiii–xxiv.

18 For background on the Helsinki Conference, see Gaddis, Cold War: A New History, pp. 184–88; also, much more thoroughly, Thomas, Helsinki Effect, and Morgan, “Origins of the Helsinki Final Act,” Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 2010.

19 GFK to Patricia Davies, August 9, 1975, GFK Papers, 10:12.

20 GFK, “United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1976,” Foreign Affairs 54 (July 1976), 686–88; GFK Diary, August 30, 1976; Urban, “Conversation with George F. Kennan,” p. 39; Alliluyeva to GFK, September 21, 1976, GFK Papers, 38:5.

21 Galbraith’s review appeared in The New York Times Book Review, October 8, 1972.

22 GFK interview by Labalme, February 27, 1990, pp. 2–19; Dilworth interview, p. 13; GFK to Edwin O. Reischauer, March 12, 1973, and David Riesman, March 27, 1973, GFK Papers, 149:1. See also, Israel Shenker, “Dispute Splits Advanced Study Institute,” and “Foes at Institute Dig In For a Fight,” New York Times, March 2 and 4, 1973, and, for general background, John H. Elliott interview December 7, 1992. Kaysen’s tenure as Institute director is briefly covered in Regis, Who Got Einstein’s Office? , pp. 202–7.

23 GFK Diary, March 13, 1978; GFK interview, September 5, 1984, pp. 4–7; GFK to Harriman, October 8 and 28, 1972, Harriman Papers, Box 1012.

24 Ullman interview, pp. 19–20.

25 Undated Harriman note; Harriman to GFK, November 3, 1972; GFK to Harriman, November 18, 1972, all in Harriman Papers, Box 1012.

26 GFK to Harriman, December 4, 1975, ibid. On the elder Kennan’s biography of the elder Harriman, see Chapter Nine, above.

27 GFK to Harriman, May 10, 1978, Harriman to GFK, May 22, 1978, ibid.; “Columbia Gets Harriman Gift of $11 Million,” New York Times, October 22, 1982.

28 GFK interview, September 5, 1984, pp. 4, 6; Black interview, p. 28. See also Taplin interview, pp. 28–32. Of

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