Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind

134 Apes that beat their chests rhythmically: Fitch, 2005. Goldfish and pigeons trained to distinguish musical styles: Fitch, 2005.

Notes to Pages 137-147

137 Coping ability in victims of accidents: Brickman et al, 1978; Linley & Joseph, 2004.

138 The relation between wealth and happiness: Kahneman et al., 2006. Happiness in Japan, 1958 to 1987: Easterlin, 1995. Happiness in the United States: Easterlin, 1995. Happiness and money: Layard, 2005. Relative income: Frank, 2001. The happiness (hedonic) treadmill: Brickman & Campbell, 1971.

139 Dates: Strack et al, 1988.

Marriages: Schwarz, 1991.

Health: Smith et al., 2006.

The more we think about how happy we are: Ariely et al., 2006.

Rumination: Lyubomirsky et al., 1998.

141 Smarter, fairer, more considerate, more dependable, more creative: Alicke et al., 1995; Brown, 1986; Dunning et al., 1989; Messick et al., 1985. Better drivers: Svenson, 1981. Better than average health: Kirscht et al., 1966. Cognitive dissonance: Festinger 8c Carlsmith, 1959.

142 Serotonin evolution: Allman, 1999.

Emotions across species: Ledoux, 1996.

143 Souped-up anterior cingulate: Allman et al., 2002. Anterior cingulate and conflict between cognitive systems: McClure et al., in press. Teenagers: Galvan et al., 2006. Evolutionary old before new: Finlay & Darlington, 1995.

7. THINGS FALL APART

145 Eskimo words for snow: Pullum, 1991.

Neural noisiness: Montague, 2006.

Junk food and cognitive load: Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999.

146 Deliberative systems left behind: Ferreira et al, 2006.

Stereotyping and cognitive load: Sherman, 2000.

Egocentrism and cognitive load: Epley et al, 2004.

Anchoring and cognitive load: Epley 8c Gilovich, 2006.

147 Daydreaming about sex: Howard, 2004.

Zoning out: Schooler et al., 2004.

Recent NHTSA study. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/P DFs/Crash%2oAvoidance/20o6/DriverInattention.pdf.

Leading causes of death: Minino et al., 2002.

148 Costs of procrastination: Steel, 2007.

The “quintessential self-regulatory failure”: Steel, 2007.

149 Lifetime prevalence of disorders: Kessler et al., 2005.

151 Vonnegut, tribes, and extended families: National Public Radio interview, January 23, 2006, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165342. Virtually every trait depends on a mix of factors, some environmental, some biological: Marcus, 2004; Plomin, 1997. Shamans and schizophrenia: Polimeni 8c Reiss, 2002. Agoraphobia: Nesse, 1997. Anxiety: Marks 8c Nesse, 1997. Depression: Price et al, 1997 Schizophrenia incidence: Goldner et al., 2002.

152 Malaria: Nesse 8c Williams, 1994.

Sociopathy: Mealey, 1995.

155 Cost-benefit and orbitofrontal damage: Bechara et al., 2000.

157 Depressive realism: Alloy 8c Abramson, 1979; Pacini, 1998.

Mood-congruent memory: Watkins et al., 1996. 160 Most mental disorders have a genetic component: Plomin et al., 2001.

8. TRUE WISDOM

162 Imperfections of the mind rarely discussed: For three notable exceptions, see Clark, 1987; Linden, 2007; and Stitch (in press).

163 The Beak of the Finch: Weiner, 1994. Recently completed genomes: http://www.ensembl.org/index.html; Gregory, 2005.

165 Listing alternatives: Hoch, 1985; Koriat et al, 1980. Consider the opposite: Arkes, 1991; Larrick, 2004; Mussweiler et al., 2000. Counterfactual thinking: Galinsky 8c Moskowitz, 2000; Kray et al., 2006.

167 Sample size education: Nisbett et al., 1983.

Notes to Pages 168-176

168 Precommitment: Lynch & Zauberman, 2006.

Specific contingency plans: Gollwitzer 8c Sheeran, 2006. 169 Fruit salad versus cake, under cognitive load: Shiv 8c Fedorikhin, 1999. 170 Accountability: Tetlock, 1985.

Eyes and the honor system: Bateson et al., 2006. Distance and decision making: Liberman et al., 2002; Lynch 8c Zauberman, 2006.

171 Irrationality dissipating with time: Koehler, 1994.

Time to steep: Dijksterhuis 8c Nordgren, 2006.

Anecdotal data, against better judgment: Wilson 8c Brekke, 1994.

Psychological cost of decisions: Schwartz 8c Schwartz, 2004.

Physical cost of decisions: Gailliot et al., 2007.

172 Mortality salience and the effects of being told to “be rational”: Simon et al., 1997. See also Epstein et al, 1992. Further evidence that admonitions to be rational might work: Ferreira et al, 2006.

173 Education for Thinking: Kuhn, 2005. Graduating without much competence as a thinker: Nickerson, 1988.

174 Taking the Internet at face value: Metzger et al., 2003. With little regard as to the accuracy: Graham 8c Metaxas, 2003. Credibility and visual design: Fogg et al, 2002. Unsophisticated evaluations of social and political issues: Perkins, 1985.

175 Facts, opinions, and evaluating competing evidence: Kuhn 8c Franklin, 2006. History of understanding the brain: Zimmer, 2004. The teachability of critical thinking skills: Solon, 2003; Williams et al., 2002; Moseley et al, 2004. Philosophy for children: Topping 8c Tricky, 2007. Harry Stottlemeiers Discovery: Lipman, 1970/1982.

176 Knowing about knowing: Metcalfe 8c Shimamura, 1994.

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