(Cambridge, MA: Albert Einstein Institution, 1990); Stephen Zunes, “Unarmed insurrections against authoritarian governments in the Third World: a new kind of revolution,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1994, pp. 403-426.
Patricia Parkman, Nonviolent Insurrection in El Salvador: The Fall of Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988).
H. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976); Philip Windson and Adam Roberts, Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969).
David H. Albert (ed.), Tell the American People: Perspectives on the Iranian Revolution (Philadelphia: Movement for a New Society, 1980); Fereydoun Hoveyda, The Fall of the Shah (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980).
Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973), p. 64.
This point is made forcefully by Gene Keyes, “Heavy casualties and nonviolent defense,” Philosophy and Social Action, Vol. 17, Nos. 3-4, July-December 1991, pp. 75-88.
This section is adapted from Brian Martin, “Social defence: arguments and actions,” in Shelley Anderson and Janet Larmore (eds.), Nonviolent Struggle and Social Defence (London: War Resisters’ International, 1991), pp. 81-141, at pp. 99-107.
Jacques Semelin, Unarmed Against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe 1939-1943 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993).
Stephen King-Hall, Total Victory (London: Faber and Faber, 1941), appendix 3.
Hans Rothfels, The German Opposition to Hitler (London: Oswald Wolff, 1961). See also Werner Rings, Life with the Enemy: Collaboration and Resistance in Hitler’s Europe 1939- 1945 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982).
Jacobo Timerman, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number (New York: Vintage, 1982).
Ralph Summy, “Nonviolence and the case of the extremely ruthless opponent,” Pacifica Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, May-June 1994, pp. 1-29.
Thomas Weber, “’The marchers simply walked forward until struck down’: nonviolent suffering and conversion,” Peace & Change, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1993, pp. 267-289.
