Chosen Peoples

its crude reminder to God that after all His own glory and reputation are bound up with His people's, and that He must not go too far in His chastisements lest the heathen mock. Reversed, this apprehension produced the concept of the Chillul Hashem, 'the profanation of the Name.' Israel, in his turn, was in honour bound not to lower the reputation of the Deity, who had chosen him out. On the contrary, he was to promote the Kiddush Hashem 'the sanctification of the Name.' Thus the doctrine of election made not for arrogance but for a sense of Noblesse oblige. As the 'Hymn of Glory' recited at New Year says in a more poetic sense: 'His glory is on me and mine on Him.' 'He loves His people,' says the hymn, 'and inhabits their praises.' Indeed, according to Schechter, the ancient Rabbis actually conceived God as existing only through Israel's continuous testimony and ceasing were Israel-per impossibile -to disappear. It is a mysticism not without affinity to Mr. Wells's. A Chassidic Rabbi, quoted by Mr. Wassilevsky, teaches in the same spirit that God and Israel, like Father and Son, are each incomplete without the other. In another passage of Hosea-a passage recited at the everyday winding of phylacteries-the imagery is of wedded lovers. 'I will betroth thee unto Me for ever, Yea I will betroth thee unto Me in righteousness and in judgment and in loving-kindness and in mercy.'

But it is in the glowing, poetic soul of Jehuda Ha-Levi that this election of Israel, like the passion for Palestine, finds its supreme and uncompromising expression. 'Israel,' declares the author of the 'Cuzari' in a famous dictum, 'is among the nations like the heart among the limbs.' Do not imagine he referred to the heart as a pump, feeding the veins of the nations-Harvey was still five centuries in the future-he meant the heart as the centre of feeling and the symbol of the spirit. And examining the question why Israel had been thus chosen, he declares plumply that it is as little worthy of consideration as why the animals had not been created men. This is, of course, the only answer. The wind of creation and inspiration bloweth where it listeth. As Tennyson said in a similar connection:

And if it is so, so it is, you know,

And if it be so, so be it!

V

But although, as with all other manifestations of genius, Science cannot tell us why the Jewish race was so endowed spiritually, it can show us by parallel cases that there is nothing unique in considering yourself a Chosen People-as indeed the accusation with which we began reminds us. And it can show us that a nation's assignment of a mission to itself is not a sudden growth. 'Unlike any other nation,' says the learned and saintly leader of Reform Judaism, Dr. Kohler, in his article on 'Chosen People' in the Jewish Encyclopædia, 'the Jewish people began their career conscious of their life-purpose and world-duty as the priests and teachers of a universal religious truth.' This is indeed a strange statement, and only on the theory that its author was expounding the biblical standpoint, and not his own, can it be reconciled with his general doctrine of progress and evolution in Hebrew thought. It would seem to accept the Sinaitic Covenant as a literal episode, and even to synchronise the Mission with it. But an investigation of the history of other Chosen Peoples will, I fear, dissipate any notion that the Sinaitic Covenant was other than a symbolic summary of the national genius for religion, a sublime legend retrospectively created. And the mission to other nations must have been evolved still later. 'The conception or feeling of a mission grew up and was developed by slow degrees,' says Mr. Montefiore, and this sounds much nearer the truth. For, as I said, history is the sole clue to the Bible-history, which according to Bacon, is 'philosophy teaching by example.' And the more modern the history is, and the nearer in time, the better we can understand it. We have before our very eyes the moving spectacle of the newest of nations setting herself through a President- Prophet the noblest mission ever formulated outside the Bible. Through another great prophet-sprung like Amos from the people-through Abraham Lincoln, America had already swept away slavery. I do not know exactly when she began to call herself 'God's own country,' but her National Anthem, 'My Country, 'tis of thee,' dating from 1832, fixes the date when America, soon after the second war with England, which ended in 1814, consciously felt herself as a Holy Land; far as visitors like Dickens felt her from the perfection implied in her soaring Spread-Eagle rhetoric. The Pilgrim Fathers went to America merely for their own freedom of religious worship: they were actually intolerant to others. From a sectarian patriotism developed what I have called 'The Melting Pot,' with its high universal mission, first at home and now over the world at large.

The stages of growth are still more clearly marked in English history. That national self-consciousness which to-day gives itself the mission of defending the liberties of mankind, and which stands in the breach undaunted and indomitable, began with that mere insular patriotism which finds such moving expression in the pæan of Shakespeare:

This happy breed of men, this little world,

This precious stone set in the silver sea,

. . . . . . .

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,

. . . . . . .

This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land.

This sense of itself had been born only in the thirteenth century, and at first the growing consciousness of national power, though it soon developed an assurance of special protection-'the favour of the love of Heaven,' wrote Milton in his 'Areopagitica,' 'we have great argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and propending towards us'-was tempered by that humility still to be seen in the liturgy of its Church, which ascribes its victories not to the might of the English arm, but to the favour of God. But one hundred and twenty-five years after Shakespeare, the land which the Elizabethan translators of the Bible called 'Our Sion,' and whose mission, according to Milton, had been to sound forth 'the first tidings and trumpet of reformation to all Europe,' had sunk to the swaggering militarism that found expression in 'Rule, Britannia.'

When Britain first at Heaven's command

Arose from out the azure main,

This was the charter of the land,

And guardian angels sung this strain:

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;

Britons never will be slaves.

The nations not so blest as thee

Must in their turn to tyrants fall;

While thou shalt flourish, great and free,

The dread and envy of them all.

To thee belongs the rural reign,

Thy cities shall with commerce shine:

All thine shall be the subject main,

And every shore it circles, thine.

It is the true expression of its period-a period which Sir John Seeley in his 'Expansion of England' characterizes as the period of the struggle with France for the possession of India and the New World: there were no less than seven wars with France, for France had replaced Spain in that great competition of the five western maritime States of Europe for Transatlantic trade and colonies, in which Seeley sums up the bulk of two centuries of European history. Well may Mr. Chesterton point to the sinking of the Armada as the date when an Old Testament sense of being 'answered in stormy oracles of air and sea' lowered Englishmen into a Chosen People. Shakespeare saw the sea serving England in the modest office of a moat: it was now to be the high-road of Empire. The Armada was shattered in 1588. In 1600 the East India Company is formed to trade all over the world. In 1606 is founded the British colony of Virginia and in 1620 New England. It helps us to understand the dual and conflicting energies stimulated in the atmosphere of celestial protection, if we recall that it was in 1604 that was initiated the great Elizabethan translation of the Bible.

In Cromwell, that typical Englishman, these two strands of impulse are seen united. Ever conceiving himself the servant of God, he seized Jamaica in a time of profound peace and in defiance of treaty. Was not Catholic Spain the enemy of God? Delenda est Carthago is his feeling towards the rival Holland. Miracles attend his battle. 'The Lord by his Providence put a cloud over the Moon, thereby giving us the opportunity to draw off those horse.' Yet this elect of God ruthlessly massacres surrendered Irish garrisons. 'Sir,' he writes with almost childish naïveté, 'God hath taken away your eldest son by a cannon shot.' We do not need Carlyle's