7. IV. XII. Oriental Religions in Italy.
8. V. V. Transpadanes.
9. IV. X. Cisalpine Gaul Erected into a Province.
10. V. IV. Cyprus Annexed.
11. IV. VI. Violent Proceedings in the Voting.
12. V. IV. Cyprus Annexed.
Chapter VII
The Subjugation of the West
1. IV. I. The Callaeci Conquered.
2. IV. IX. Spain.
3. V. I. Renewed Outbreak of the Spanish Insurrection.
4. V. I. Pompeius in Gaul.
5. V. I. Indefinite and Perilous Character of the Sertorian War.
6. V. V. Conviction and Arrest of the Conspirators in the Capital.
7. V. I. Pompeius Puts and End to the Insurrection.
8. IV. II. Scipio Aemilianus.
9. There was found, for instance, at Vaison in the Vocontian canton an inscription written in the Celtic language with the ordinary Greek alphabet. It runs thus:
10. An immigration of Belgic Celts to Britain continuing for a considerable time seems indicated by the names of English tribes on both banks of the Thames borrowed from Belgic cantons; such as the Atrebates, the Belgae, and even the Britanni themselves, which word appears to have been transferred from the Brittones settled on the Somme below Amiens first to an English canton and then to the whole island. The English gold coinage was also derived from the Belgic and originally identical with it.
11. The first levy of the Belgic cantons exclusive of the Remi, that is, of the country between the Seine and the Scheldt and eastward as far as the vicinity of Rheims and Andernach, from 9000 to 10,000 square miles, is reckoned at about 300,000 men; in accordance with which, if we regard the proportion of the first levy to the whole men capable of bearing arms specified for the Bellovaci as holding good generally, the number of the Belgae capable of bearing arms would amount to 500,000 and the whole population accordingly to at least 2,000,000. The Helvetii with the adjoining peoples numbered before their migration 336,000; if we assume that they were at that time already dislodged from the right bank of the Rhine, their territory may be estimated at nearly 1350 square miles. Whether the serfs are included in this, we can the less determine, as we do not know the form which slavery assumed amongst the Celts; what Caesar relates (i. 4) as to the slaves, clients, and debtors of Orgetorix tells rather in favour of, than against, their being included.
That, moreover, every such attempt to make up by combinations for the statistical basis, in which ancient history is especially deficient, must be received with due caution, will be at once apprehended by the intelligent reader, while he will not absolutely reject it on that account.
12. 'In the interior of Transalpine Gaul on the Rhine', says Scrofa in Varro, De R. R. i. 7, 8, 'when I commanded there, I traversed some districts, where neither the vine nor the olive nor the fruit-tree appears, where they manure the fields with white Pit-chalk, where they have neither rock - nor sea-salt, but make use of the saline ashes of certain burnt wood instead of salt'. This description refers probably to the period before Caesar and to the eastern districts of the old province, such as the country of the Allobroges; subsequently Pliny (H. N. xvii. 6, 42 seq.) describes at length the Gallo-Britannic manuring with marl.
13. 'The Gallic oxen especially are of good repute in Italy, for field labour forsooth; whereas the Ligurian are good for nothing'. (Varro, De R. R. ii. 5, 9). Here, no doubt, Cisalpine Gaul is referred to, but the cattle-husbandry there doubtless goes back to the Celtic epoch. Plautus already mentions the 'Gallic ponie', (
14. We are led to this conclusion by the designation of the trading or 'roun' as contrasted with the 'lon' or war vessel, and the similar contrast of the 'oared ship', (
