Useful Enemies

Notes

487 The Cleveland mistrial petition is based on Battisti, Memorandum Decision and Order.

489 The first was a cable about: The cable read: “Embassy has received material from MFA [Ministry of Foreign Affairs] concerning Fedorenko under a cover note dated August 11. Among these materials are excerpts from the minutes of interrogations of…” Sheftel has reproduced copies of this and other cables, 382–89.

490 The author of the Polish list of former Treblinka guards was Stanislaw Wojtczak.

493 “Deceived the court by being intentionally false”: Wiseman, 151.

493 “Failing to ask questions regarding”: Ibid., 165.

493 Quotations and analysis of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals are from: John Demjanjuk, Petitioner-Appellant v. Joseph Petrovsky, et al., Respondents-Appellees.

494 The American Bar Association reviewed: Feigin, “John Demjanjuk,” 165–67.

495 OPR overturned the findings: Ibid.

CHAPTERS FIFTY-THREE TO FIFTY-SEVEN

Sources

Much of the Munich trial testimony is based on trial summaries provided by Dr. Margrit Grubmuller. They are used with her permission.

“As Demjanjuk Trial Opens, Defense Presents Him As a Victim,” Deutsche Welle, Nov. 30, 2009.

Author’s interviews and correspondence with German defense attorney Maja von Oettingen.

“Demjanjuk Presents German Law With An Almost Impossible Problem.” Deutsche Welle, December 12, 2009.

“Nazi Crimes on Trial (West German Trials) Defendants.” Justiz Und NS- Verbrechen, June 9, 2011.

Wittmann, Rebecca. “Q & A—Rebecca Wittmann… A Front Row Seat at Demjanjuk’s Nazi War Crimes Trial,” CBC News, December 12, 2009.

——. “The West German Judiciary and the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals.” Atrocities on Trial: Historical Perspective on the Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes. Edited by Patricia Heberer and Jugen Matthaus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

Notes

508 “By 1949”: Wittmann, “The West German Judiciary and the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals,” 212.

509 “They were loath”: Ibid., 215.

509 “Befehlsnotstand… Exzesstater”: Wittmann, “Q & A.”

509 “We criminal prosecutors have sometimes felt”: “I Have Never Seen Remorse: Interview With Nazi War Crimes Prosecutor Ulrich Maas.” Spiegel Online, May 5, 2011.

510 “Islands of knowledge and ignorance”: Yitzhak Laor, “Germany Shouldn’t Have Tried Ivan the Miserable.” Haaretz, Jan. 14, 2010.

513 “[Demjanjuk] has a vested interest”: “‘Justice Takes a Long Time,’ Says Plaintiff at Start of Demjanjuk Trial,” Haaretz, Jan. 22, 2010; “As Demjanjuk Trial Opens, Defense Presents him as a Victim,” Deutsche Welle, Nov. 30, 2009; and “Demjanjuk Presents German Law With an Almost Impossible Problem,” Deutsche Welle, Dec. 12, 2009.

518 The Samuel Kunz story is from: Georg Boensch, “Witness in War Crimes Trial Could Face Indictment,” Spiegel Online International, Nov. 6, 2009; Zeev Avrahami, “The Man Next Door,” Haeretz.com, Aug. 13, 2010; Allan Hall, “Nazi Death Camp Guard Who Died Before Answering Charges of Killing 430,000 Jews ‘May Have Been Assassinated,’” Daily Mail, April 4, 2011.

518 The Alex Nagorny story comes from “Alex Nagorny Under Investigation in Germany for Nazi Killings,” Huffington Post, Feb. 18, 2011.

519 “It’s him…I know him”: Megan Stack, “For Elderly Russian, Man Accused as Camp Guard is Vivid Memory,” LAT, Feb. 6, 2010. The name of the Czech radio correspondent was Kbrhelova.

519 Sobibor survivor Esther Raab told the Atlantic City Press (Dec. 1, 2009) that she recognized Demjanjuk as the Sobibor guard who came into the armory building where she worked cleaning captured Soviet weapons and ammunition. She said Demjanjuk would bring in the empty machine gun ammo belts and refill them. She told the Press that she would testify if asked. She was never asked. German prosecutors noted that she was shown a Demjanjuk photo spread in the early 1980s and failed to identify Demjanjuk. At that time she also said that she did not recognize the name Demjanjuk.

522 Four SS officers were acquitted: See Blatt, Sobibor, chap. 15, “Fate of the Sobibor Nazis.”

526 “One doesn’t need to like”: Gisela Friedrichsen, “Families of Sobibor Victims Value Memories over Malice,” Spiegel Online, May 5, 2011.

529 “On the concrete courtyard”: The story comes from “Hitler’s European Holocaust Helpers,” Spiegel Online International, Dec. 17, 2009.

PART FIVE: EPILOGUE

Sources

Breitman, Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files.

Breitman and Goda. Hitler’s Shadow.

Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Feigin, “Conclusion.” The Office of Special Investigations.

——. “Kurt Waldheim—A Prominent International Figure.” The Office of Special Investigations.

——. “Vladimir Sokolov—A Persecutor Who Found a Home in Academia.” The Office of Special Investigations.

Goda, “Nazi Collaborators in the United States: What did the FBI Know?” In Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group: Final Report to the United States Congress, April 2007.

Office of Special Investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for United States’ Attorneys, USA Bulletin, January 2006.

Rosenbaum, Eli. Betrayal: The Untold Story of the Kurt Waldheim Investigation and Cover- up. With William Hoffer. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

Simpson, Blowback.

Zuroff, Dr. Efraim. Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals (April 1, 2008–March 31, 2009). Jerusalem: Simon Wiesenthal Center, November 2009.

Notes

537 OSI died quietly during the Munich trial. During its thirty years of Nazi hunting, it successfully denaturalized eighty-three Nazis and Nazi collaborators, forced another sixty-two to leave the United States voluntarily, and triggered the suicide of at least seven who were facing trial. Through its Watch List containing the names of eighty thousand alleged Nazis and Nazi collaborators, OSI blocked more than 170 from entering the United