Einstein: His Life and Universe

34

. Einstein to Michele Besso, Aug. 11, 1916.

35

. I am grateful to Professor Douglas Stone of Yale for help with the wording of this.

36

. Einstein to Michele Besso, Aug. 24, 1916.

37

. Einstein, “On the Quantum Theory of Radiation,” after Aug. 24, 1916, CPAE 6: 38.

38

. Einstein to Max Born, Jan. 27, 1920.

39

. Einstein to Max Born, Apr. 29, 1924, AEA 8-176.

40

. Niels Bohr, “Discussion with Einstein,” in Schilpp, 205–206; Clark, 202.

41

. Einstein to Niels Bohr, May 2, 1920; Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, May 4, 1920.

42

. Niels Bohr to Einstein, Nov. 11, 1922, AEA 8-73.

43

. Folsing, 441.

44

. John Wheeler, “Memoir,” in French, 21; C. P. Snow, “Albert Einstein,” in French, 3.

45

. Bohr’s quip is often quoted. One source I can find for it, in a less pithy fashion, is from Bohr’s own descriptions of being with Einstein at the 1927 Solvay Conference: “Einstein mockingly asked us whether we could really believe that the providential authorities took recourse to dice-playing (‘. . . ob der liebe Gott wurfelt’), to which I replied by pointing at the great caution, already called for by ancient thinkers, in ascribing attributes to Providence in everyday language.” Niels Bohr, “Discussion with Einstein,” in Schilpp, 211. Werner Heisenberg, who was at these discussions, also recounts the quip: “To which Bohr could only answer: ‘But still, it cannot be for us to tell God how he is to run the world.’ ” Heisenberg 1989, 117.

46

. Holton and Brush, 447; Pais 1982, 436.

47

. Pais 1982, 438. Wolfgang Pauli recalled, “In a discussion at the physics meeting in Innsbruck in the autumn of 1924, Einstein proposed to search for interference and diffraction phenomena with molecular beams.” Pauli, 91.

48

. Einstein, “Quantum Theory of Single-Atom Gases,” part 1, 1924, part 2, 1925. This quote occurs in part 2, section 7. The manuscript of this paper was found in Leiden in 2005.

49

. I am grateful to Professor Douglas Stone of Yale for helping to craft this section and explaining the fundamental importance of what Einstein did. A theoretical condensed matter physicist, he is writing a book on Einstein’s contributions to quantum mechanics and how far-reaching they really were, despite Einstein’s later rejection of the theory. According to Stone, “99% of the credit for this fundamental discovery called Bose-Einstein condensation is really owed to Einstein. Bose did not even realize that he had counted in a different way.” Regarding the Nobel Prize for achieving Bose-Einstein condensation, see www.nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/2001/public.html.

50

. Bernstein 1973, 217; Martin J. Klein, “Einstein and the Wave-Particle Duality,”

Natural Philosopher

(1963): 26.

51

. Max Born, “Einstein’s Statistical Theories,” in Schilpp, 174.

52

. Einstein to Erwin Schrodinger, Feb. 28, 1925, AEA 22-2.

53

. Don Howard, “Spacetime and Separability,” 1996, AEA Cedex H; Howard 1985; Howard 1990b, 61–64; Howard 1997. The 1997 essay identifies the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer as an influence on Einstein’s