The End

among civilian population 177, 213, 215, 356–8; numbers of 356–7

by Gauleiter 356

Hitler’s 6, 11, 12, 118, 295, 339, 346, 348–51, 357

by Nazi Party members (April 1945–on) 355–6

by Wehrmacht officers (April 1945–on) 355, 356; numbers of 356

suicide bombers/fighters, proposal for 278–9, 314

Susloparov, General Ivan 371–2

Swabia 245, 278, 316

Sweden 94, 230, 282, 283

concentration camp inmates, attempts to negotiate release of 228, 284

Swedish Red Cross 283

Switzerland 230

attempt to exchange Jews for cash 229–30

Zurich 285

tanks/tank warfare 46, 58, 59, 61, 63, 81–2, 160, 168, 169, 174, 260, 301, 302, 339, 357

Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W., German surrender, signatory to 372

terror tactics 3–4, 5, 8–9, 10, 14, 37, 84, 162, 207–8, 216–25, 256, 259, 272, 273, 296, 318, 321–9, 343–4, 391, 393

crimes of the last phase concept 323–9, 391–2

torture, use of 84

Werwolf activity 279–80, 318, 320, 344, 367, 369; numbers killed by 280

see also Nazi atrocities; totalitarian regimes

Thiele, Gerhard 333

Thierack, Otto Georg (Justice Minister) 224

Thuringia 297, 299

Tilsit 173

von Tippelskirch, General Kurt 340

Todt, Fritz 24

Torgau 339

total war concept 23–4, 25–6, 38, 44, 60, 61, 146

see also Goebbels, Joseph, as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War

totalitarian regimes 8–10

as repressive 8–9, 84, 207–8

see also terror tactics

transport 102, 126, 135, 139, 190, 193, 205, 275, 290

Allied bombing, effect on 79, 82, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–3, 144, 287, 299

railways see railways

Reichsbahn 138, 140

Treblinka extermination camp 214

Trier 62, 64, 65–6

capitulation 254, 259–60

von Trotha, Colonel Thilo 221

U-boats 55, 95, 137, 139, 147, 155, 245, 269

Baltic harbours for 94

cessation of U-boat war 367

Ukraine 92, 93

unconditional surrender 7–8, 10, 50–51, 71, 246, 271, 354, 361, 362, 369, 370–71, 386–7, 397

Churchill on 387

see also German capitulation

underground movements (German) see Werwolf .?.?.

United Kingdom see Britain

United States (US)

Hitler on 130

Morgenthau Plan 149–50

US Army see American Army

Upper Bavaria 189

see also Bavaria

V1 missiles 20, 62, 210, 269

V2 rockets 24, 153, 269

Versailles Treaty (June 1919) 98, 154

Vienna 213, 252

Nazi Party 317–18

Red Army capture of 301

von Vietinghoff-Scheel, Colonel-General Heinrich 204

as C-in-C Italy 266–7, 285, 363; German capitulation and 267, 363, 366; dismissal 366

Vistula river 168, 172, 174, 196, 250

Vogler, Albert 141

Volkischer Beobachter (Nazi Party newspaper) 6, 115, 186, 188, 345

Volksgrenadier divisions (People’s Grenadiers) 64, 151, 222–3

Volkssturm (national militia) 86–8, 106–8, 113, 118, 138, 143, 180, 212, 219, 254, 393

casualty figures 107

command/administration of 107, 145

as deserters 259–60

as guards on death marches 333

as militarily useless 393

oaths of allegiance 147

von .?.?. see next element of personal name

Wachtler, Fritz (Gauleiter of Bayreuth) 317, 322

execution 322–3, 342

Waffen-SS 23, 31, 36, 37, 70, 72, 122, 211, 310, 314, 352

atrocities committed by 121

Wagner, Richard: Gotterdamerung 6

Wahl, Kurt (Gauleiter of Swabia) 245, 278, 316

Wannsee Conference (January 1942) 359

war criminals, Allied definition of 362

warfare

blitzkrieg 26

exit strategies 27, 283–4, 286, 336

negotiated settlements 6–7, 12, 15, 18, 27, 55, 87, 280–86, 336, 352, 387, 396–7

‘peace at any price’ 148, 155

total war concept 23–4, 25–6, 38–44, 60, 61, 146; see also Goebbels, Joseph, as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War

unconditional surrender 7–8, 10, 50–51, 71, 246, 271, 354, 361, 362, 369, 370–71, 386–7, 397; Churchill on 387; see also German capitulation