Of course I was familiar with Yuan Shih-kai, who had recently come to my aid on our retreat into exile. He had built his name in the southwest during the Sino-French War. After returning from Indochina, he was appointed by Li to take over the Northern Army as its youngest commander in chief. Yuan was known for his no-nonsense training style. A few years later, when Yung Lu combined his forces with the Northern Army and created the New Army, Yuan was appointed as its commander in chief.
Yuan Shih-kai had proved his loyalty by saving my life during the chaos of the Hundred Days reform. He was promoted to the post of senior governor and oversaw key provinces while keeping his military role. Working closely with Li Hung-chang and Yung Lu, Yuan had learned from the masters.
A recent event had also made Yuan Shih-kai a household name in China. According to the terms of the treaty agreement, China was not allowed a military presence in the greater Peking area. Humiliation aside, the stipulation made those who supposedly held the reins of power feel at once vulnerable and vaguely ridiculous.
Yuan studied the treaty and international law and came up with the idea of establishing a Chinese police force. 'There is nothing in the agreement that says China can't have its own law enforcement,' he stated in his proposal.
Within weeks of my granting permission, Yuan Shih-kai dressed his army as policemen-they looked like British bobbies. In their smart uniforms his men patrolled the coasts and marched around the legations in Peking. The mean-spirited foreign journalists couldn't say a word about it.
Because of Yuan Shih-kai, I could now sleep.
When the homecoming procession arrived at a town near Tientsin, I boarded a train, still a novelty for me. The locomotive pulled twenty-one shining carriages, which had been presented to the nation by Yuan Shih-kai. 'Moving rooms,' Li Lien-ying called them. My carriage had silk-draped walls, soft-cushioned sofas and a built-in porcelain basin with hot and cold water taps. The car even had its own toilet.
Although Guang-hsu did not give his opinion regarding Yuan Shih-kai's leadership of the parliament, he understood that we were not choosing him because he was a personal friend. Yuan's passion for China's prosperity was what mattered. Already we had been relying on him to execute our edicts.
I witnessed my son's struggle with himself-logic battling his feelings. Often Guang-hsu's dark moods would return. 'I'd rather die than support that traitor,' he would say. He would break dishes and kick his chair.
'It is a matter of making use of a talent,' I said to him. 'You can replace him if you find a better person.'
When I learned that Yung Lu had fainted on his way to join us in Tientsin, I sent a message wishing him renewed health and requesting that he come as soon as he was able. The moment Yung Lu entered my private car, accompanied by his doctor, he smiled and said, 'I got kicked out by the god of death!' He tried to sound as if he had never been sick. 'Maybe it was because I hadn't eaten and Hell wouldn't accept a hungry ghost.'
'Don't you dare abandon me.' I could not hold back my tears.
'Well, I wasn't notified when my body decided to quit.'
'How are you feeling?'
'I am fine. But my chest whistles like a wind harp.'
'It's your lungs.'
He nodded. 'In any case, it makes the issue of my replacement urgent. You need both Li Hung-chang's and my help to persuade the court to accept Yuan Shih-kai.'
'But Guang-hsu hates him.'
Yung Lu sighed. 'Yes, I know.'
'And Li Hung-chang hasn't sent in Yuan's confirmation,' I said. 'Has he any reservations?'
'Li is concerned about Yuan's loyalty after I'm gone. He believes that Yuan Shih-kai is not likely to serve a lesser mind.'
'Guang-hsu? How dare he!'
'Well, perhaps not a lesser mind but a less-driven mind. The Emperor doesn't inspire, and he doesn't care.'
I could not disagree. 'It's my misfortune.' I sighed. 'But he is my son.'
'How can Guang-hsu expect Yuan's loyalty?' Yung Lu asked. 'Yuan Shih-kai has our vote because of what he can do for China. But once you are gone, Yuan could stop considering China your son's China.'
'Is this Li Hung-chang's fear as well?'
Yung Lu nodded.
'What should I do?'
'It's up to Guang-hsu to let Yuan Shih-kai know who the Emperor is.'
The moment my train pulled into Peking's Paoting Station I was given the news that Li Hung-chang had died.
The band that greeted the train was in the middle of playing a gay tune when the messenger fell at my feet. I had to make the man repeat what he had said three times. My mind went blank as I struggled to hold my composure.
'Li Hung-chang is not dead!' I kept saying. 'He can't die!'
Li Lien-ying held my arms to keep me from collapsing. The Manchu Dynasty as I knew it had ended.
'Yuan Shih-kai is here to see Her Majesty,' someone announced.
Yuan appeared in front of me in a white mourning gown. He confirmed the news. 'The viceroy had been sick,' he said in a confident tone. 'He forced himself to go on until the negotiations were completed.'
'Why wasn't I informed earlier that his condition was critical?' I asked.
'The viceroy didn't want you to know. He said you would stop him from working if you were told.'
Sitting on my makeshift throne, I asked if the Emperor had been notified and if Li Hung-chang had left any requests for me. Yuan Shih-kai replied that the viceroy had made several arrangements before his death, including that S. S. Huan take over the funding of the military.
I had no memory of when Yuan Shih-kai left. Yung Lu came in and said that he was delivering his friend Li Hung-chang's last wishes. It was his final confirmation of Yuan Shih-kai as his successor.
It seemed that besides me, only the Western powers had realized that Li Hung-chang had been the true boss of China. Li had been the one who protected and provided for the Manchu Dynasty, and his loyalty had sustained me.
I didn't have to use my imagination to know that the arduous negotiations had killed Li Hung-chang. He had fought for inches and pennies for China. It was too easy to accuse him of being a traitor. He had endured degradation and humiliation. The transcripts of the daily negotiations demonstrated his courage. Perhaps only future generations would recognize and appreciate his true value. Li Hung-chang went into the negotiations knowing that he had nothing to bargain with and that suffering would be part of any deal.
'My country is being raped' was his first response after being presented with drafts of the treaties drawn up by the foreign powers. 'When a sheep is cornered by a pack of wolves, will the wolves allow the sheep to negotiate? Will the sheep help decide how she should be eaten?'
Li Hung-chang was a master of business, and his skillful bargaining had saved his country but cost him his life. 'Carving up China means creating a nation of new Boxers,' he pointed out to the foreigners when they threatened to abandon negotiations. 'Calling on Her Majesty to step down makes for a bad business deal because everyone in China will tell you that it is the Dowager Empress, not the Emperor, who will see your loans paid.'
Li volunteered for the role of scapegoat so that the Emperor and I could save face.
I was sure that Li had regrets. He had given me so much, yet all I offered in return was disappointment after disappointment. It was amazing that he didn't overthrow Guang-hsu's regime. He would not have needed an army. He knew my vulnerability all along. His integrity and humanity humbled me. He was the best gift Heaven ever bestowed on the Ch'ing Dynasty.
45
The welcoming banners on the Forbidden City walls hid the damage done by the foreign artillery. When my
