happen. They said that they overestimated, because they wanted to err on the side of more, but they are way overestimating.”
a recent needs assessment survey Jessica Xavier, “Final report of the Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey,” Washington, D.C., Administration for HIV and AIDS, District of Columbia Department of Health.
the prevalence of SRS in the U.S. is at least on the order of I:2500 Lynn Con-way, “How Frequently Does Transsexualism Occur,” available online at http://www.lynnconway.com.
A group of researchers in the Netherlands P.L.E. Eklund, L.J.G. Gooren, and P. D. Bezemer, “Prevalence of Transsexualism in the Netherlands,” British Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1988): 638—40.
“gender identity disorders” are probably far more common Weiss, “Gender Caste System,” 129 (n. 9).
Gunter Dorner, a German endocnnologist G. Dorner, F. Gotz, W. Rohde, et al, “Genetic and Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Brain Organization Mediated by Sex Hormones,” Neuroendocrinology Letters 22 (2001): 403—409. See also G. Dorner, I. Poppe, F. Stahl, et al., “Gene and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism,” Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 98, no. 2 (1991): 141—50; G. Dorner, “Neuroendocrine Response to Estrogen and Brain Differentiation in Heterosexuals, Homosexuals, and Transsexuals, Archives of Sexual Behavior 17, no. 1 (February 1988): 57—75; G. Dorner, “Sex Hormone Dependent Brain Differentiation and Sexual Behavior,” Experimental Brain Research suppl. 3 (1981): 238-45; G. Dorner, F. Docke, F. Gotz, et al., “Sexual Differentation of Gonadotrophin Secretion, Sexual Orientation and Gender Role Behavior,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 27, no. 4 —6 (1987): 1081-87.
Dorner has published extensively on the organizational effects of hormones on the brain, and possible implications for sexual orientation and transsexualism. Earlier in his career, Dorner’s theories on the somatic basis of homosexuality and gender variance were considered reactionary, but since 1987, the biological school has rebounded. “By the early 1980s, en-docrinological theories of sexual orientation seemed to have reached a low point of credibility, and those who still espoused them were considered the ‘bad guys’ who were on a mission to eliminate homosexuality by a technical fix. In Dorner’s case the label was well deserved.” Simon LeVay, Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality (Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1996), 120. Later, in a discussion of Dorner’s hypothesis that prenatal stress might play a role in the development of homosexuality in men, LeVay says that “to give Dorner his due, his theory does have one thing going for it: it is based on a solid body of research conducted on animals.” Queer Science, 164.
the flip side of the postmodern “performativity” argument See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Rout-ledge, 1999) and Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Routledge, 1993).
many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system World Health Organization, “Global Assessment of the State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupters,” retrieved from http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/edc/global_edc_TOC.htm, July 31, 2002.
Some … argue that the buildup of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals See Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future (New York: Dutton, 1996).
Animal research has also shown that DES and other estrogenic chemicals See J. A. McLachlan, R. R. Newbold, and B. Bullock, “Reproductive Tract Lesions in Male Mice Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol,” Science 190 (1975): 991-92; R. R. Newbold, B. Bullock, and J. A. McLachlan, “Mullerian Remnants of Male Mice Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol,” Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 7 (1987): 377—89; W. B. Gill, G. F. Schumacher, M. Bibbo, et al., “Association of Diethylstilbestrol in Utero with Cryptorchidism, Testicular Hypoplasia and Semen Abnormalities,” Journal of Urology 122 (1979): 36—39; J. A. Visser, A. McLuskey, M. Verhoef-Post, et al., “Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol on Mullerian Duct Development in Fetal Male Mice,” Endocnnology 139 (1998): 4244-251-17 The moderators of an online discussion group Scott Kerlin and Dana Beyer, M.D., “The DES Sons Online Discussion Network: Critical Issues and the Need for Further Research,” unpublished paper, August 2002.
There are millions of us who were exposed to DES Author interview with Dana Beyer, Bethesda, Md., September 27, 2002.
there is no morepsychopathology This was noted as early as 1973- “The psy- chodynamic histories of transsexuals do not yield any consistent differentiation characteristics from the rest of the population.” Marie C. Mehl, Ph.D., “Transsexualism: A Perspective” in Proceedings ofthe Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on Gender Dysphona Syndrome, ed. Donald R. Laub, M.D., and Patrick S. Gandy, M.S., Stanford University Medical Center, February 2-4,1973,15.
transsexuality is “apart of human variation” Author interview with Rusty Moore, New York City, July 1, 2001.
Somewhere the hormones that are secreted either by the brain Author interview with Beyer.
an anomaly or mutation is not in itself pathological Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (NewYork: Zone Books, 1991), 137.
There’s an idea that people have subconsciously inculcated Author interview with Susan Stryker, San Francisco Calif, September 4, 2001.
Two THROUGH SCIENCE TO JUSTICE
Plato was acquainted with… “Mixed beings” In Niels Hoyer, ed., Man into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex (New York: E. P. Dut-ton and Company, 1933), 112. (“Niels Hoyer” was a pseudonym for Ernst Ludwig Harthern Jacobson.)
Paragraph zy5 Paragraph 175 of the German penal code, inherited from an earlier Prussian code, made sex between men a felony punishable by imprisonment for up to six months. “Paragraph 175 was no dead letter. It was actively enforced by police surveillance, by entrapment, and by the use of informers. About 500 men were imprisoned under paragraph 175 each year.” LeVay, Queer Science, 17.
On the other hand, Christopher Isherwood wrote, “The Berlin police ‘tolerated’ the bars. No customer risked arrest simply for being in them. When the bars were raided, which didn’t happen often, it was only the boys who were required to show their papers. Those who hadn’t any or were wanted for some crime would make a rush to escape through a back door or window as the police came in.” Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind (NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976), 30. 31 a strange million-headed city like a cuirass In Hoyer, Man into Woman, 125.
Berlin, in Hirschfeld’stime Erwin J. Haeberle, ed., The Birth of Sexology: A Brief History in Documents (Washington, D. C: World Association for Sexology, 1983), 10.
During the early years of the twentieth century Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology (London, Melbourne, New York: Quartet Books, 1986), 52.
A couple of times I was invited to accompany Hirschfeld Harry Benjamin, “Reminiscences,” address given at the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex, November 1, 1969. Archiv fur Sexualwissenschaft, http://www2.hu- berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/REMINI.HTM, 9/10/2001.
Berlins “famousdecadence” Isherwood, Christopher,
