Priceless

Though extremely grateful to hear about the Renoir and eager to rescue the Rembrandt, the Swedes lamented that they simply could not grant permission for Kostov to enter the country. He was still a wanted man there, albeit for minor, decades-old crimes. Under Swedish law, the warrants could not be suspended for any reason, even temporarily.

We’d have to find another way.

* * *

THE DIPLOMATS’ SEARCH for a solution gave me time to brush up on the Old Master.

There is a romantic notion that Rembrandt rose from tough roots to greatness. It makes for a nice story, but I doubt it’s true. I say I doubt it’s true because most of what’s been written about Rembrandt is educated speculation. He didn’t keep a diary or copies of his letters and he gave no interviews. The artist compared most often to Mozart and Shakespeare had no contemporary biographer. In the twentieth century, historians wrote dozens of thick books about Rembrandt, many with differing accounts. Scholars can’t even agree on how many siblings he had. In recent years, some of Rembrandt’s later paintings have become suspect. Did the master really paint them? Or did his students? Was he playing games with us? I like all this uncertainty. It just adds to the Rembrandt mystique. In the months that I chased his Self-Portrait, I enjoyed getting to know the man.

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was just twenty-four years old when he painted Self- Portrait (1630). The painting isn’t significant because it’s a self-portrait—Rembrandt painted or sketched more than sixty self-portraits in his lifetime. It’s significant because he painted it during a seminal period in his life, within a year of his father’s death and of his decision to leave the comfort of his hometown for Amsterdam. Within four years, Rembrandt would be married and famous.

He lived in what was arguably Holland’s greatest century, in a prosperous and peaceful democratic country between major wars. He was born in the Dutch town of Leiden, just south of Amsterdam and about a day’s walk from the North Sea coast. His father was an earnest fourth-generation miller who owned several plots of land, making him semi-prosperous. His mother was pious and bore nine children (or ten, depending on which scholar you believe). Five (or three) of them died at an early age. Rembrandt was among the youngest siblings and he spent more time in the classroom than working for his father. He attended the Latin School in Leiden from ages seven to fourteen, and then enrolled at the University of Leiden.

Rembrandt didn’t last long in college. He knew it couldn’t prepare him for life as a painter. After one year, he quit to begin a three-year apprenticeship with a mediocre architectural painter, notable mostly because the artist taught him to sketch using stuffed animals. He took a second apprenticeship with the artist Pieter Lastman, who would become his more important mentor. Lastman worked with Rembrandt for about a year and is credited with teaching him how to paint with emotion.

The Dutch master began his professional career at age nineteen or twenty, sharing a Leiden studio with Jan Lievens, a slightly older, more accomplished painter and a former child prodigy. Lievens and Rembrandt shared models, mimicked one another’s style, and began a lifelong friendship. Later, Rembrandt would be wrongly credited as the painter of some of Lievens’s best pieces.

By 1630, the year Self-Portrait was painted, Rembrandt and Lievens began attracting notice as rising stars. That year, the poet Constantijn Huygens, secretary to the Prince of Orange, ruler of Holland, visited their studio. Afterward, Huygens wrote effusively of Rembrandt’s talent: “All this I compare with all the beauty that has been produced throughout the ages. This is what I would have those naive beings know, who claim (and I have rebuked them for it before) that nothing created or expressed in words today has not been expressed or created in the past. I maintain that it did not occur to Protogenes, Apelles, or Parrhasius, nor could it occur to them, were they to return to earth, that a youth, a Dutchman, a beardless miller, could put so much into one human figure and depict it all.”

The stolen Rembrandt might be the most significant self-portrait from the master’s final years in Leiden. In 1630, he was experimenting with what would become a signature technique—chiaroscuro, painting in light and shadow, varying shades of darkness to project shape on three-dimensional figures. The colors and shades are subtle.

During this experimental period, Rembrandt painted and sketched himself in a dizzying array of emotions and appearances. Between 1629 and 1631, he captured his face in a dozen classic moments of surprise, anger, laughter, scorn. In one self-portrait, Rembrandt is middle-class, inquisitive, confident in a wide-brimmed hat. In the next, he appears as a beggar, forlorn, confused, even crazed. In nearly every painting, hair and lips take center stage—the hair, a wild, frizzy tangle or smoothly matted under a beret; the mouth, closed and pensive or cocked half-open with a whiff of mischief.

Why did Rembrandt paint so many self-portraits?

Some historians believe it was a form of autobiography. The scholar Kenneth Clark subscribes to this romantic view. “To follow his exploration of his own face is an experience like reading the works of the great Russian novelists.” More recently, other historians have come to a more practical conclusion. They believe the Dutch artist’s intentions were economic: He crafted so many self-portraits because he was a businessman and shrewd self-promoter. Self-portraits—in particular, expressive head and shoulder images known as “tronies”—were in vogue in seventeenth-century Europe, prized by wealthy aristocrats. For Rembrandt, the early self-portraits served the dual purpose of paying the bills and promoting the artist’s brand.

I’m not sure which theory I like better. I don’t doubt that Rembrandt became a keen salesman later in life, but I’m skeptical he was thinking about this at age twenty-four, when he painted Self- Portrait. I think the painting is simply an honest representation of an important snapshot in art history. The atmosphere is sober, the hair neat, the mouth closed, the lips fused. Rembrandt looks pensive, mature, like a guy ready to set off from home to make his fortune in the big city.

ULTIMATELY, THE DANES came to our rescue.

Police in neighboring Denmark agreed to host our Rembrandt undercover sting in Copenhagen, which is easily accessible by train from Stockholm. In our Iraqi targets’ eyes, the change of venue only burnished Kostov’s criminal bona fides. When he explained—truthfully—that he was a wanted man in Sweden and couldn’t get a visa, they reacted with empathy.

In mid-September, I flew to Copenhagen and met with Kostov, the three Los Angeles agents, our American embassy liaisons, and the local police. We were also joined by Eric Ives, the Major Crimes Unit Chief in Washington.

The next morning I flew to Stockholm. Chief Inspector Magnus Olafsson of the Swedish National Police picked me up at the airport. On the ride to his office, he warned me about the two Iraqi suspects, brothers named Baha Kadhum and Dieya Kadhum. They were smart and ruthless, obviously violent. The Swedes were still wiretapping their cell phones and reported that the brothers were arguing over whether to trust me.

“They are very cautious,” Olafsson said. “I don’t think they’ll be fooled by you.”

At his desk, the chief inspector handed me color photographs of the front and back of the Rembrandt. I spent more time studying the back than the front. I’d already studied blow-ups of the front. It looked just like the postcard, and, since the painting was so small, it wouldn’t take much to make a decent forgery. The backs of paintings often offer better clues. The rear of the mahogany frame was scarred with gouge marks; most of it was covered by three museum stickers, including a set of hanging instructions in Swedish. The Rembrandt was latched to the frame by six clips screwed into the wood. Two of the clips stood at odd angles.

I returned to Copenhagen the following day and we began our play. We gave Kostov a brand-new, untraceable, prepaid cell phone to call his son. The moments before that first in-country call still made me nervous. You’ve already spent all those resources, flown everyone overseas, made promises to foreign police officials, and put the FBI’s reputation on the line, all the while assuming the bad guys are still on board. The first two calls went unanswered. Shades of Madrid.

What if we called and the Iraqis blew us off? What if Kostov was just stringing us along, hoping for a free flight to see his son before he entered prison? What if the targets didn’t even have the painting?

Thankfully, Kostov reached him on the third call, and the sellers were still eager. The son, Alexander “Sasha” Lindgren, agreed to take a five-hour train ride to Copenhagen the following day to meet his father, me, and my money.

In the morning, undercover Swedish surveillance officers trailed Lindgren from his suburban home to the