GENERATING THE KEYSTREAM LETTERS
This is the heart of Solitaire. The above descriptions of encryption and decryption work for any output- feedback mode stream cipher. This section explains how Solitaire works.
Solitaire generates a keystream using a deck of cards. You can think of a 54-card deck (remember the jokers) as a 54-element permutation. There are 54!, or about 2.31 x 10^71, possible different orderings of a deck. Even better, there are 52 cards in a deck (without the jokers), and 26 letters in the alphabet. That kind of coincidence is just too good to pass up.
To be used for Solitaire, a deck needs a full set of 52 cards and two jokers. The jokers must be different in some way. (This is common. The deck I'm looking at as I write this has stars on its jokers: one has a little star and the other has a big star.) Call one joker A and the other B. Generally, there is a graphical element on the jokers that is the same, but different size. Make the 'B' joker the one that is 'bigger.' If it's easier, you can write a big 'A' and 'B' on the two jokers, but remember that you will have to explain that to the secret police if you ever get caught.
To initialize the deck, take the deck in your hand, face up. Then arrange the cards in the initial configuration that is the key. (I'll talk about the key later, but it's different than the keystream.) Now you're ready to produce a string of keystream letters.
This is Solitaire:
1. Find the A joker. Move it one card down. (That is, swap it with the card beneath it.) If the joker is the bottom card of the deck, move it just below the top card.
2. Find the B joker. Move it two cards down. If the joker is the bottom card of the deck, move it just below the second card. If the joker is one up from the bottom card, move it just below the top card. (Basically, assume the deck is a loop . . . you get the idea.)
It's important to do these two steps in order. It's tempting to get lazy and just move the jokers as you find them. This is okay, unless they are very close to each other.
So if the deck looks like this before step 1:
3AB89
at the end of step 2 it should look like:
3A8B9
If you have any doubt, remember to move the A joker before the B joker. And be careful when the jokers are at the bottom of the deck.
3. Perform a triple cut. That is, swap the cards above the first joker with the cards below the second joker. If the deck used to look like:
246B4871A39
then after the triple cut operation it will look like:
39B4871A246
'First' and 'second' jokers refer to whatever joker is nearest to, and furthest from, the top of the deck. Ignore the 'A' and 'B' designations for this step.
Remember that the jokers and the cards between them don't move; the other cards move around them. This is easy to do in your hands. If there are no cards in one of the three sections (either the jokers are adjacent, or one is on top or the bottom), just treat that section as empty and move it anyway.
4. Perform a count cut. Look at the bottom card. Convert it into a number from 1 through 53. (Use the bridge order of suits: clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades. If the card is a (club), it is the value shown. If the card is a (diamond), it is the value plus 13. If it is a (heart), it is the value plus 26. If it is a (spade), it is the value plus 39. Either joker is a 53.) Count down from the top card that number. (I generally count 1 through 13 again and again if I have to; it's easier than counting to high numbers sequentially.) Cut after the card that you counted down to, leaving the bottom card on the bottom. If the deck used to look like:
7 ... cards ... 45 ... cards ... 89
and the ninth card was the 4, the cut would result in:
5 ... cards ... 87 ... cards ... 49
The reason the last card is left in place is to make the step reversible. This is important for mathematical analysis of its security.
5. Find the output card. Look at the top card. Convert it into a number from 1 through 53, in the same manner as above. Count down that many cards. (Count the top card as number one.) Write the card after the one you counted to on a piece of paper. (If you hit a joker, don't write anything down and start over again with step 1.) This is the first output card. Note that this step does not modify the state of the deck.
915
6. Convert the card to a number. As before, use the bridge suits to order them: From lowest to highest, we have clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades. Hence, A(clubs) through K(clubs) is 1 through 13, A(diamonds) through K(diamonds) is 14 through 26, A(hearts) through K(hearts) is 1 through 13, and A(spades) through K (spades) is 14 through 26.
That's Solitaire. You can use it create as many keystream numbers as you need.
I know that there are regional differences in decks of cards, depending on the country. In general, it does not matter what suit ordering you use, or how you convert cards to numbers. What matters is that the sender and the receiver agree on the rules. If you're not consistent you won't be able to communicate.
KEYING THE DECK
Solitaire is only as secure as the key. That is, the easiest way to break Solitaire is to figure out what key the communicants are using. If you don't have a good key, none of the rest this matters. Here are some suggestions for exchanging a key.
1. Shuffle the deck. A random key is the best. One of the communicants can shuffle up a random leck and then create another, identical deck. One goes to the sender and the other to the receiver. Most people are not good shufflers, so shuffle the deck at least ten times, and try to use a deck that has been played with instead of a fresh deck out of the box. Remember to keep a spare deck in the keyed order, otherwise if you make a mistake you'll never be able to decrypt the message. Also remember that the key is at risk as long as it exists; the secret police could find the deck and copy down its order.
2. Use a bridge ordering. A description of a set of bridge hands that you might see in a newspaper or a bridge book is about a 95-bit key. If the communicants can agree on a way to convert that to a deck ordering and a way to set the jokers (perhaps after the first two cards that are mentioned in the discussion of the game), this can work. Be warned: the secret police can find your bridge column and copy down the order. You can try setting up some repeatable convention for which bridge column to use; for example, 'use the bridge column in your home town newspaper for the day on which you encrypt the message,' or something like that. Or use a list of keywords to search the
3. Use a passphrase to order the deck. This method uses the Solitaire algorithm to create an initial deck ordering. Both the sender and receiver share a passphrase. (For example, 'SECRET KEY.') Start with the deck in a
