Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

86. Charlotte Elmer, “Spotlight on U.S. Troops in Paraguay,” BBC News, September 28, 2005; Kelly Hearn “U.S. Military Presence in Paraguay Irks Neighbors,” Christian Science Monitor, December 2, 2005.

87. Alejandro Sciscioli, “U.S. Military Presence in Paraguay Stirs Speculation,” Antiwar.com, August 4, 2005.

88. Benjamin Dangl, “What Is the U.S. Military Doing in Paraguay?” Information Clearing House, August 4, 2005; Rapoza, “U.S. Inroads.”

89. Kevin Gray, Reuters, “Paraguayans Uneasy over U.S. Presence,” San Diego Union- Tribune, September 27, 2005.

90. Quoted by Sciscioli, “U.S. Military Presence.”

91. Dangl, “U.S. Military.”

92. Marcela Valente, “Presence of U.S. Troops Upsets Paraguay’s Partners,” Antiwar.com, August 9, 2005.

93. “Mexico Ratifies War Crimes Tribunal Treaty,” Associated Press, October 28, 2005; “4 Nations that Won’t Sign Deal with U.S. Risk Aid Loss,” Miami Herald, December 18, 2004. See also Razl Zibechi, “The Installation of a U.S. Military Base in Paraguay: A Wedge in Mercosur,” Agencia Latinoamericana de Informacion (ALAI), November 29, 2005, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php? context=viewArticle&code=ZIB20051129&articleId=1363.

5: HOW AMERICAN IMPERIALISM ACTUALLY WORKS: THE SOFA IN JAPAN

1. For the text of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, see U.S. Forces Japan, http://usfj.mil/references/treatyl.html.

2. The Japan SOFA can be found at http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/sofa.html. Most publicly disclosed SOFAs, including the SOFA with the Republic of Korea (July 1966), are available in United States Treaties and Other Agreements (arranged by Treaties and Other International Acts Series [TIAS] Number) (Washington, DC: Department of State, Distributed by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, annual), s.v. “TIAS 6127.”

3. T. D. Flack, “South Korea Refusing Return of U.S. Bases ’As-Is’; General Bell: New Standards Exceed SOFA Agreements,” Stars & Stripes, June 7, 2006, http://stripes.com/articleprint.asp? section=1048carticle=37688.

4. “Kadena Noise Pollution Suit Stirs Up Residents in Atsugi, Yokota,” Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), February 18, 2005; “U.S. Military Fails to Pay Compensation Despite SOFAs ’75%’ Clause; Ignores Requests for Payment,” Tokyo Shimbun, February 18, 2005 (Tokyo press reports are in Japanese).

5. Keiichi Inamine, “The Anger of Okinawa Residents Is Magma Ready to Explode,” Ronza, October 2003.

6. Wikipedia, “Girard Incident,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girard_Incident.

7. “The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, Letter to Dorothy Girard,” June 13, 1957, http://eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/second-term/documents/200.cfm; “The Girard Case,” Time, July 22, 1957, http://time- proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/printout/0,23657,862596,00.html.

8. See, for example, the case of Lieutenant Colonel Martha McSally, the highest-ranking female pilot in the air force, who took the Defense Department to court for requiring her to wear an abaya—the total body covering devout Saudi women put on in public—when off base in Saudi Arabia. She claimed this was an unconstitutional infringement on her rights, and she won. See Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, p. 241.

9. Quoted in “Girard Case,” Time.

10. “Only the Removal of U.S. Bases Can Ensure the End of U.S. Military Crimes,” Japan Press Weekly, July 18, 2005, http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/view/1506/1/109? PrintableVersion=enabled.

11. Wikipedia, “Status of Forces Agreement,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement.

12. “Girard Case,” Time.

13. U. S. Department of State, “Backgrounder: Status of Forces Agreements,” April 12, 1996, http://194.90.114.5/publish/press/security/archive/april/ds2_4-15.htm.

14. William Arkin, “U.S. Air Bases Forge Double-Edged Sword,” Los Angeles Times, January 6, 2002.

15. There are so many military bases in Japan and in Okinawa, the total numbers are open to dispute. According to the Pentagon’s 2005 Base Structure Report, there are 111 installations in Japan as a whole and 39 in Okinawa prefecture. These numbers are surely accurate, but there are anomalies—for example, the Base Structure Report includes Futenma Air Base under Camp Smedley D. Butler, one of the Marine Corps’ key bases on the island, along with 15 other sites. I have chosen to use the conservative count of 88 bases for Japan as a whole and 37 for Okinawa based on the careful calculations in Mainichi Shimbun, August 6, 2004, eve. ed; Tokyo Shimbun, October 15, 2005; and Kelly Dietz, Ph.D. candidate, sociology, Cornell University, and the Futenma-Henoko Action Network, “Okinawa Update,” October 2005.

16. Global Security Organization, “U.S. Forces, Japan,” www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/usfj.htm; Thorn Shanker, “Okinawans Ask Rumsfeld to Thin Out Troops,” New York Times, November 17, 2003; U.S. Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information, Operations, and Reports, Worldwide Manpower Distribution by Geographical Area, September 30, 2004, http://webl.whs.osd.mi1/DIORCAT.HTM#M05.

17. Toshiya Hoshino (Osaka University) and Takashi Nawakami (Takushoku University), “Future of U.S. Bases in Japan and Force Transformation in Okinawa,” Sekai Shuho, April 26, 2005.

18. See U.S. Forces, Japan, “Agreed Minutes to the Agreement Under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between Japan and the United States of America, Regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan,” http://usfj.mil/references/sofa.html.