9. Joseph Lepgold and Timothy McKeown, “Is American Foreign Policy Exceptional? An Empirical Analysis,” Political Science Quarterly, Fall 1995, <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/tag/intrel/lepgold.htm>.
10. For the fullest details on the “Farewell Address, Washington’s Final Manuscript,” see <http://www.virginia.edu/gwpapers/farewell/>.
11. Quoted by Ralph Raico, “American Foreign Policy—The Turning Point, 1898–1919: Part I,” <http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495c.asp>.
12. Elihu Root, The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States: Addresses and Reports (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916), pp. 417–40, <http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:aF2E4_mZg9YC:www.shsu.edu/-his_ncp/RootGS.html+Elihu +Root&hl=en>.
13. Parameters (U.S. Army War College Quarterly) 31:1 (Spring 2001), inside back cover.
14. Arthur S. Link, “Woodrow Wilson Biography,” <http://www.gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/28pwils.html>.
15. See Peter van den Maas, “The American Tradition in Diplomacy,” <http://odur.let.rug.n1/~usa/E/kissinger/kiss03.htm>.
16. “President Woodrow Wilson’s War Message, April 2, 1917,” <http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1917/wilswarm.html>.
17. Alistair Cooke, “Letter from America: The Pursuit of Self-Determination,” <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/letter_fromnewsid_288000/2882_50.stm>.
18. Ibid.
19. William Pfaff, Barbarian Sentiments: America in the New Century, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 275.
20. James A. Donovan, Militarism U.S.A. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), p. 10.
21. James Dunnigan, “A Long American Tradition,” Strategy Page, August 20,2001.
22. United States Civil War Center, “Statistical Summary of America’s Major Wars,” June 13, 2001, <http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/other/stats/warcost.htm>.
23. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 1111; cited by Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism (New York: Meridian, 1959), p. 474.
24. Donovan, Militarism U.S.A., pp. 114–15.
25. Quoted by Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952), p. 368.
26. United States Civil War Center, “Statistical Summary.” Also see U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Public Affairs, America’s Wars (Washington, May 2001), <http://www.va.gov/pressrel/amwars01.htm>, which gives slightly different totals but offers no figures at all on the Confederate side in the Civil War.
27. See, in particular, Robert Higgs, “The Cold War: Too Good a Deal to Give Up,” Intervention Magazine Online, March 2002; and Robert Higgs, “The Cold War Is Over, but U.S. Preparation for It Continues,” Independent Review 6:2 (Fall 2001). The totals used here are based on the purchasing power of 2002 dollars. For actual amounts in billions of 1996 dollars, compare Martin Calhoun, Senior Research Analyst, Center for Defense Information, U.S. Military Spending, 1945–1996, <http://www.cdi.org/issues/milspend.html>. Calhoun places military spending for 1950 at $133.0 billion; for 1953 at $437.0 billion; for 1968 at $388.9 billion; and for 1989 at $376.2 billion.
28. Peter Pae, “Southland Defense Industry Quietly Heeds War’s Drumbeat,” Los Angeles Times, September 27, 2002. Also see Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, Economic Earthquakes: Converting Defense Cuts to Economic Opportunities (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 1994).
29. Jonathan Reingold, “Attack of the Pork Barrel Posse,” AlterNet, April 23, 2002. Also see Julian E. Barnes, Peter Cary, and Christopher H. Schmitt, “Special Investigative Report: War Profiteering,” U.S. News & World Report, May 13,2002, pp. 20–34; Gopal Ratnam and Gail Kaufman, “A New Way to Pay for Weapons? Boeing, U.S. Air Force Eye Third-Party Financing for B-52 Work,” DefenseNews.com, March 31, 2003; Michelle Ciarrocca, “Boeing: ‘Forever New Frontiers’ or ‘The Purse Is Now Open,’” Arms Trade Resource Center, April 4,2003; and Leslie Wayne, “Creative Deal or Highflying Pork?” New York Times, April 20,2003.
30. Kelly Patricia O’Meara, “Rumsfeld Inherits Financial Mess,” Insight-Mag.com, August 2001.
31. See John Dower, War without Mercy (New York: Pantheon, 1987); and Sheila K. Johnson, The Japanese through American Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).
32. William Manchester, “The Bloodiest Battle of All,” New York Times Magazine, June 14,1987.
33. See William Rivers Pitt, “Think the Days of the Draft Are Gone? Think Again,” Truthout/Perspective, September 11,2002, <http://www.truthout.com/docs_02/09.12A.wrp.draft.htm>.
34. See Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York: Basic Books, 1995), particularly part 3: “The Era of Reversals (1962– 1975).”
35. Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 5.
