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THE PERIODIC TABLE
Past, Present, and Future
Copyright © 2020 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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About the Author
Geoff Rayner-Canham, FCIC, FRSC, has published widely on aspects of chemistry education, particularly inorganic chemistry. With Tina Overton, he is coauthor of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, which is currently in its 6th edition and which has been translated into six other languages. Geoff’s main research focus has been on the history of women in science — particularly chemistry. This research has been undertaken jointly with his partner, Marelene Rayner-Canham. In addition to many research papers, they have coauthored six books, the latest being Pioneering British Women Chemists: Their Lives and Contributions.
For 20 years, accompanied by some of his students, Geoff has taken chemistry outreach to remote and isolated schools in rural Newfoundland, Labrador, Nunavut, and coastal Quebec. He has also been coauthoring a series of articles with his Inuk student, Chaim Andersen, on Chemistry and Inuit Life & Culture.
With his colleague, Debbie Wheeler, Geoff codeveloped, and has been coteaching, the first online distance chemistry courses offered by Memorial University. One of the courses received a Canadian award for innovation in distance course technology. Students from as far away as Wuhan, China, and Sydney, Australia, have taken these courses. For his outreach and for excellence in chemistry teaching, Geoff has received the Chemical Institute of Canada, Chemical Education Award; the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada PromoScience Award; and a 3M Teaching Fellowship.
Geoff continues to teach and undertake research at the Grenfell Campus, Memorial University, Corner Brook, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada, where he currently holds the rank of Honorary Research Professor.
Contents
About the Author
Introduction
Chapter 0The Periodic Table Exploration Begins!
Reference
Chapter 1Isotopes and Nuclear Patterns
Proton–Neutron Ratio
The Cobalt–Nickel and Tellurium–Iodine Atomic Mass Anomalies
Nuclear Shell Model of the Nucleus
Limits of Stability
Commentary
References
Chapter 2Selected Trends in Atomic Properties
Electronegativity
Electron Gain and Loss
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Relativistic Effects on Atomic Properties
Commentary
References
Chapter 3First Period Problems
Hydrogen Location: An Overview
… And Then There Is Helium
Commentary
References
Chapter 4The Group 3 Problem
A History of the Debate
Commentary
References
Chapter 5Categorizations of the Elements
Nonmetals, Metals, and “In-Betweens”
Main Group Appellations
d-Block Metal Appellations
Other Appellations
Commentary
References
Chapter 6Isoelectronicity
Historical Definitions of Isoelectronic
Modern Definitions of Isoelectronic
Isoelectronicity: The Future
Commentary
References
Chapter 7Group and Period Patterns among the Main Group Elements
Main Group Elements
Group Trends
Group 1 (Alkali Metals)
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group 13 (Triels)
Group 14 (Tetrels)
Group 15 (Pnictogens)
Group 16 (Chalcogens)
Group 17 (Halogens)
Group 18 (Aerogens)
Periodic Trends
Commentary
References
Chapter 8Patterns among the Transition Metals
What Is a Transition Metal?
Previous Classifications of Transition Metals
Categorizations of the Transition Metals
Categorizing the Early 4d–5d Elements
The Platinum Metals
Is There, in Fact, a Group 11?
A Hybrid Solution
Commentary
References
Chapter 9Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationships
Going Back to the Past
Definition of the Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationship
Group 3 and Group 13
Group 4 and Group 14
Group 5 and Group 15
Group 6 and Group 16
Group 7 and Group 17
Group 8 and Group 18
Group 1 and Group 11
Group 2 and Group 12
A Curious (n + 5) and (n + 10) Case
Commentary
References
Chapter 10Chemical “Knight’s Move” Relationship
The Group (n)/Period (m) and Group (n + 2)/Period (m + 1) Linkages
Laing’s Knight’s Move (K-M) Claims
Reevaluation of the Knight’s Move Relationship
Knight’s Move Relationships among “Double Pairs”
The Knight’s Move Relationship and the “Inert Pair” Effect
Commentary
References
Chapter 11Isodiagonality
Isodiagonality
Explanations for Isodiagonality
Isodiagonality of Lithium and Magnesium
Isodiagonality of Beryllium and Aluminum
Isodiagonality of Boron and Silicon
Isodiagonality of Carbon and Phosphorus
Isodiagonality of Nitrogen and Sulfur
Isodiagonality of Vanadium and Molybdenum
Isodiagonality of Tellurium and Astatine
Evidence-Based Isodiagonality
Commentary
References
Chapter 12Lanthanoids, Group 3, and Their Connections
Yttrium and Scandium
The 4f Elements
The Lanthanoids
Ion Charges of the Lanthanoids
Restructuring the Lanthanoids
External Lanthanoid Relationships
Commentary
References
Chapter 13Actinoid and Post-Actinoid Elements
The Actinoid Elements
Oxidation States of the Actinoids
Post-Actinoid Elements
And Beyond …
Commentary
References
Chapter 14Pseudo-Elements
Pseudo-Elements
Pseudo-Halogens
Combo Elements
Superatoms
Synthetic Metals
Commentary
References
Index
Introduction
“Periodic Properties? That’s easy! Properties down a couple of Groups, properties across a sample Period, done!” A not uncommon view. Yet there is a richness of relationships, some obvious, some not, which makes an in-depth look at the chemical elements a rewarding adventure. Ronald Rich eloquently described the lure of periodicity in all its manifestations:
One of the fascinations of inorganic chemistry is the existence of a wide variety of relationships among the elements and their properties-relationships that show an encouraging degree of order, but a tantalizing variability and novelty. These qualities make the “family of elements” an apt metaphor: while members of a family have much in common, each member also has his[/her] own individual personality.
There have been some 20th century monographs on chemical periodicity. However, to be honest, the old Periodic Table monographs are boring … no, very boring … no extremely boring. As are the chapters on the Periodic Table in most textbooks. A litany of dry facts usually emphasizing that everything can be explained in terms of Groups and Periods; that everything is known; that there is only one definitive Periodic Table; and that apart from the genius of Mendeléev, rarely is any other human involvement described.
How incredibly far from the truth in all these factors!
•The Periodic Table is fascinating — as I hope, you, the Reader, will discover.
•Groups
