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Chapter 9
Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationships
The early Periodic Tables displayed an eight-Group system. Though we now use an 18-Group array, the old versions were based on evidence of similarities between the elements in what we now label the Group (n) and the corresponding elements of Group (n + 10). In this chapter, these similarities will be explored in depth. It is shown that such linkages are not limited to the top members of each Group as earlier discussions have emphasized.
In Chapter 6, the term pseudo-isoelectronic was introduced. This term described a subset of valence-isoelectronic linking a main group element and a transition element. Such electron configurations differ specifically by d10 or f14d10. For example, the Mg2+ ion and the Ca2+ ion are valence-isoelectronic, but they each differ from the Zn2+ ion by the 3d10 electrons. Therefore, the Zn2+ ion is pseudo-isoelectronic of the two main group ions. This chapter specifically focuses upon these pseudo-isoelectronic relationships.
Going Back to the Past
It was Newlands who first proposed that the chemical elements could be organized according to the “Law of Octaves” [1, 2]. The later Periodic Tables produced by Mendeleev also utilized an eight-column table. This was done even though it meant that the [Fe–Ni–Co]; [Ru–Pd–Rh]; and [Os–Pt–Ir] series were squished into the single Group VIII (see Figure 9.1) [3]. Nevertheless, a key point of the table occupancy was the element similarities within each of the Groups. As an example, in Group V, there were similarities among all eight elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, vanadium, arsenic, niobium, antimony, tantalum, and bismuth.
Figure 9.1 A simplified version of one of Mendeléev’s designs of the Periodic Table.
The Rise of the Long Form of the Periodic Table
In 1893, Rang devised one of the first long-form Periodic Tables [4]. He numbered the columns from I through VIII then I through VII (as the noble gases were then unknown). With duplicate numbering for Groups I through VII, it seems to have been Deming in 1923 who first used “A” and “B” designations in a pedagogical context to clarify which groups were which [5]. This was the system adopted by the American Chemical Society (ACS), such that what we now call Group 3 was labeled as “IIIB” while Group 13 was labeled “IIIA.” However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted a system whereby what we now call Group 3 was labeled as “IIIA” and Group 13 was labeled “IIIB” [6].
It was to resolve this confusion, that the 1 through 18 notations were proposed by IUPAC in the 1980s and
